Analysis Of Homer s Epic Of The Iliad And Odyssey

With this personal narrative, I will analyze two themes from Homer’s epic’s pertaining to the Iliad and the Odyssey. I have chosen hospitality (Xenia) and shame (Aidos) as the subject of interest, and will focus on these as a main source of the topic. Xenia is the ancient Greek word for â€Å"hospitality†, which is the consideration and kindness shown to those who are far from home and/or associates of the person bestowing xenia upon them. The rituals of hospitality created and conveyed a reciprocal relationship between guest and host expressed in both material benefits such as the giving of gifts to each party as well as non-material ones such as protection, shelter, favors, or certain normative rights. In Homer’s epic tales of the Iliad and Odyssey, the perception of hospitality as a recurring theme is evident in both. In Ancient Greece the gods demanded it from mortals and demi-gods alike. The quality and degree to which today’s society follows in that tradition have changed in form only, but not in substance. Food, shelter and protection of strangers from the cultural norms of today, as the people of Ancient Greece were more inclined to take in strangers worn weary from their travels. In the Iliad, the writing establishes that in times of war, xenia is offered to even the enemy. Housing strangers in one’s home showing kindness and portraying xenia were very common characters of the Ancient Greeks. Many weary travelers strode by foot or sailed by boat to reach far-offShow MoreRelatedAeneid Analysis789 Words   |  4 PagesAeneid By Virgil Written 19 B.C.E Translated by John Dryden Analysis Jazymn Talley SNHU Analysis The intention of Virgil s poem, Aeneid, is to romanticize the origins of the Roman Empire. Aeneid shares many characteristic to Grecian writer Homer s Epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. Much of Roman culture is modeled after or inspired by the Greeks, especially the arts. Roman art, writings, religion, and celebrations were on the rise as they experienced a time of rest, enabling themRead MoreHistorical And Cultural Context Of The Movie The Odyssey 2026 Words   |  9 Pagesby Hollywood for motion pictures. The epic stories of heroes fighting against a normally insurmountable amount of enemies and triumphing against all odds seem like a modern day movie concept. In actuality, the first â€Å"western-style† action story was written by an eighth-century B.C. poet named Homer. It was titled the Iliad and it told of many great stories involving Greek gods and horrid monsters. The second of these epic poems was named The Odyssey. The Odyssey had to have been an intensely po pularRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 PagesMonumental Texts (An Analysis of the Three Most Important Texts Studied This Semester) Literature affects every aspect of our lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe couldRead MoreOedipus Trilogy Analysis1214 Words   |  5 PagesNovel Analysis of The Oedipus Trilogy Oedipus Rex, or Oedipus Tyrannus as it is in Latin, could be what we call today a Freudian work of literature. The Oedipus Trilogy was originally written by Sophocles and is meant to be told in a story-telling fashion. But this Grecian tragedy was revised and translated into English by Paul Roche and put into a novel form. The Oedipus Trilogy is a novel that deals with destiny and fate. The reader is shown a series of events plotted out from which OedipusRead MoreAncient Greek Culture2704 Words   |  11 Pagesworld. It became the model for all later literature. Greek writers introduced several important types including lyric and epic poetry, tragic and comic drama, and several important historical essays and dialogue (Myrsiades, 2013). Two of the most famous epic poems were written by Homer entitled â€Å"Iliad† which tells about the Trojan War and the â€Å"Odyssey† which tells about the adventures of the Greek hero Odysseus when he returns home after the fall of Troy. 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Summary 31 Children’s Literature Definitions 31 The Ancient World [ancient Rome; 50 BCE to 500 CE] 31 The Middle Ages [500 to 1500 CE] 31 The European Renaissance [1500-1650 CE] 32 The 17th CenturyRead Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 PagesAthens. Sophocles married twice (first to Nicostrate, and then to Theoris of Sccyon) and had two sons: Iophon, the tragedian, and Agathon, father of the younger Sophocles, also a writer of tragedies. The Greeks regarded Sophocles as a kind of tragic Homer, hailed him as the favorite of the gods and honored him with state sacrifices long after his death. The last part of his life coincided with the glorious age of Cimon and Pericles, the period of Athens’ greatest prosperity. Although he showed little

Managing International Human Resource Management - 1860 Words

The rapid growth of internationalisation and global competition in recent years has created a significant increase in the number of Multi-National Corporations (MNC’s), which in turn created the need for International Human Resource Management (IHRM) roles (Scullion, 2001). Human resource management is progressively becoming a major factor that can determine the success or failure of MNC’s. Scullion (2001) concluded that HR strategies play a vital role in implementation and control in MNC’s, and alignment between HR strategies and the organisational structure of MNC’s often results in superior outcomes. In order to strive, human resources must be managed effectively to gain a competitive edge in the global market place, and to overcome the seemingly inexorable challenges that globalization precipitates. This essay presents an overview of the challenges faced by HR managers in a global setting, and evidences that the current permutation of HRM is not adequa te to meet the critical challenges of tomorrow. BRIEFLY OUTLINE BODIES OF TEXT Human Resource Management (HRM) has evolved and advanced into different areas over the years. The conversion from personnel management to human resource management established the idea that human capital holds incredible value in organisations, and can be managed systematically (Caliskan, 2010). The latter transformation to Stratgeic Human Resource Management (SHRM) builds on this idea. SHRM considers human capital to be competitive assetsShow MoreRelatedExamples of Ihrm and Domestic Hrm Essay841 Words   |  4 Pagesmultinational ventures stem from a lack of understanding of the essential differences in managing human resources in foreign environments (Desatnick Bennett 1978). The world has become more globalized, competitive, dynamic and uncertain than ever before. As more and more firms operate internationally, the search for the elements of global competitive advantage is a prominent theme in the management literature (Dickman Mà ¼ller-Camen, 2006: 580). There is a clear need to develop an understandingRead MoreInternational Human Resource Management: More than Just Expatriate Management1246 Words   |  5 Pagesmight think that International Human Resource Management (IHRM) is synonymous with expatriate management. However, IHRM covers more than just the management of expatriates. According to Laurent (1986, pp. 91-93), IHRM is a set of activities aimed managing organisational human resources at international level to achieve organisational goals and achieve competitive advantage over competitors at national and international level. IHRM includes typical HRM functions such as human resource planning, recruitmentRead MoreO How Human Resource Management Has Developed in the Past Few Years to Become an Integral Part of Our Organizations?854 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: How Human Resource Management has developed in the past few years to become an integral part of our organizations? Major Field of Study: Human Resource Management. Human Resource Management has developed in the past few years to become an integral part of our organization. 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However, many well – educated business persons speak English. It is an ideal international market to enter for Alvernian; a manufacturer of leisure and gymRead MoreInternational HRM With the Context of Global Economy 947 Words   |  4 PagesInternational HRM with the context of global economy It would be very easy to refer to international human resource management as little more than HRM on a national scale with some additional features that indeed similarities in the role of human resource management within national and international organizations; however, there are also some significant differences, not least of which is the development and deployment of staff in different national and regional locations around the world. TheRead MoreHuman Resource Management in the Global Environment984 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources Management in the Global Environment 1 Human Resources Management in the Global Environment Today’s job market is rapidly becoming globalized and more companies are entering into international markets in a variety of ways. Some companies are building plants in other countries, some companies are exporting products overseas, and some are entering into alliances with foreign companies. No matter how the involvements begin, the reality is that in today’s world, managing global

All About Essay Topics on Educational Reform in Texas

All About Essay Topics on Educational Reform in Texas Essay Topics on Educational Reform in Texas - Overview They note how schools with high rates of poverty are more inclined to be low-performing in the event the state utilizes test scores as the main measuring stick. California has previously been in a position to entice skilled workers from different states and from different nations, or so the workforce isn't the exact same as the school population. The introduction of charter schools is 1 way in the struggle towards reform. As an issue of fact, different students in various counties undergo various challenges in the academic approach. Real reform isn't possible from within the present conventional school system. There isn't any way that gradual shift in our present schooling system can lead to the sort of educational reform which I am calling real reform. Hey, it isn't essential to do schooling as it's dictated by the traditional schooling system. Public education today is in desperate need of reform. What Everybody Dislikes About Essay Topics on Educational Reform in Texas and Why California has a reasonably great work force regarding skills. Perhaps it does not continue to be the situation, however, as of the high price of living in California, including burdensome tax prices, and as a result of possible restrictions on immigration into the usa. Education in the USA is always likely to be an important topic for discussion because it's something which has a wide-reaching effect on every generation. You thought that war may be coming. Studies have also demonstrated that a state's long-run financial growth is extremely determined by the skills of its workforce. Research the Alamo and compose a concise overview of the battle. Use historical facts to spell out the tension and by what method the growth in troops at the border impacted regular citizens of the region. Most people today agree that we want to produce adjustments to enhance the quality of America's schools, but few can agree on just how to start it. Hence, it's critical to foster policies at all arenas of government to adequately acknowledge the facts that could have a negative influence on the well-being of a community. But a developing minority think differently. If you still don't understand how to prepare an intriguing speech, EssayShark can assist you. Patrick proposed an extremely similar measure in 2013. You ought to know that all stages of speech preparation are important, and not just just choosing the ideal topic. What follows is an extensive collection of the most intriguing research topics to have you started. This video guides you through the procedure for selecting a topic. For instance, the simple fact that computers are naturally great at math contributes to the question of using calculators in math education. There's an emphasis on computers and the Internet in these types of pages, but there's loads of general info, also. Two recent studies using these methods offer evidence that money matters. Research results show that the absolute most efficient learning occurs in a blended format. Type of Essay Topics on Educational Reform in Texas Many educators now think that anything that more precisely meets the requirements of the kid will get the job done better. Education has become the most vital element a man or woman should possess. As a way to add to the success of students, parents also have to be accountable for their youngster's actions. Some parents ought to be held accountable along with school districts in the accomplishment of our youth. Performance of students in California has just improved, but big quantities of students still remain poorly equipped to face a huge automation and financial shift. Individuals will start to understand they have a decision.

Divine Intervention Greek Gods Essay Odyssey Example For Students

Divine Intervention Greek Gods Essay Odyssey Greek GodsWelcome to my report on Greek gods and myths. You will learn about thegods and what they did. It is also about the myths and legends of Greece. greek godsThe gods of Greece are alike many other types of gods. They werepictured a lot like human men and women. The Greeks didnt worship any animals. The gods, like people were endowed with many weaknesses. The gods could bejealous, envious, spiteful, and petty. The gods were held to be immortal, butthey had a beginning. The rites of many gods came from Egypt. Most of the godslived on Mt. Olympus. the first godsThe first gods were the Titans. They were before all the other gods. The Titans were the brothers Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, andCronus. Also the sisters Thea, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosye, Phobe, and Tethys. the godsZeus was the strongest of all the gods. He ruled the weather by himself,and the universe with 11 other gods. Zeus was the spiritual father of the gods. He was usually armed with a thunderbolt He was also called Thunder. Hera wasthe wife of Zeus. She was the goddess of marriage and childbirth. She was alsothe queen of heaven . Poseidon was Zeus somewhat unruly brother. He was godof the sea, of earthquakes, streams, and horses. Hesta was the sister of Zeus. She was the goddess of the household. Ares was one of Zeus sons. He was thegod of war. He loved Aphrodite. Apollo was also a son of Zeus. Apollo drovethe chariot of the sun across the skies. He was the music maker of the gods andwas the god of light, music, medicine, agriculture, and prophecy. He was alsoKnown as Helios, the sun god. Hermes was the messenger of the gods and theprotector of travelers who escorted the dead down to Hades. He was also a son ofZeus. Athena was Zeus favorite daughter because she had sprung fully armedfrom his head when Zeus swallowed her mother, Metis. She was the goddess ofwisdom and war. Frequently she was called Pallas. Artemis was the twinsister of Apollo. She was the moon goddess and also the goddess of vegetables,birth, and the hunt. She was the favorite among people. Artimes was oftenpictured with a stag or hunting dogs. Hades another one of Zeus daughters wasthe ruler of the underworld. Later she was called Pluto. Aphrodite was thegoddess of love, beauty, and fertility. Hephaestus was the only ugly god. Hewas the god of fire. He was skilled in craftsmanship. He forged the armor ofthe gods. He was patron of handicrafts and protector of blacksmiths. Demeterwas the goddess of the Earths fruits. She was the mother of Persephone theseed corn. Dionysus also Bacchus was the god of wine and intoxication. He wasa nature god of fruitfulness. The female worshippers of him were calledMeandads. They roamed around in a frantic drugged condition, hunting animalsand devouring their raw flesh. Pan was another god. He was a half man halfgoat. The Fates were three old hags that were more powerful than the gods,because they knew the past, present, future. Nine goddess called Muses, werethe patrons of music, poetry, dance, and literature. heroesThe Heroes along with the gods were the characters in the myths andlegends. Hercules was the strongest and mightiest of all Greek heroes. Theseuswas another hero. He defeated the Minotaur. Polythemus was the hero thatdefeated the Cyclops. Jason got the golden fleece. Preseus defeated Medusa. .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d , .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d .postImageUrl , .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d , .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d:hover , .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d:visited , .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d:active { border:0!important; } .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d:active , .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud6cae5b967328814f72572a93dcbb71d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis of John Foulcher's EssayPandora was also a hero in a way. She was the one that opened the box with evilspirits and hope inside. legends and mythsThe legends of Greece were made to explain the things they didnt knowabout. They also wrote myths and legends for entertainment. The myths andlegends had the gods and heroes as the characters. Some of the stories areTheseus and the Minotaur, Pandoras Box, Medusa and Preseus, and the storyof Polythemus and the cyclops. making of manThe Greeks believed that Prometneus was the maker of man. He made manby molding him out of clay. Then he got some of the gods together and usedtheir powers to make man live. deathGreek ideas about the soul and afterlife were really not exact. But it wasthought apparently that the popular thought was that the soul hovered above itstomb or departed to a shadowy region were it led a melancholy existence

European Civilization Accomplished Essay Example

European Civilization Accomplished Essay The advancements of Greece, Rome and the Dark and Middle Ages set the foundation for modern European culture. Through literature, inventions, and the church Europe evolved into a distinct civilization. Greece influenced modern Europe with their advancements in literature and the written language. Also, the theories of Plato, Aristotle, Socrates began modern thought and theory. The Greeks, including Homer, were also thefirst to write down history. The Greeks also made advancements in science and math and also published encyclopedias. They then spread their influence and advancements as their boarders spread. After the fall of Greece, Rome had its own influence on the future of Europe. Under the Roman Empire transportation as well as communication spread through the Mediterranean with the spread of Romes boarders Latin spread, as well, and would eventually become the Romance Languages. Christianity also emerged as a leading religion. Romes government was the beginning of modern gover nment with laws and judges. The country also had a large army that could easily be dispatched to far off battles. During the Middle Ages, in the East, the art, architecture, trade and crafts continued in a very-Roman tradition. In Arab culture made many advances in math and science and translated Roman scientific literature. In the West the Church, although unorganized and separated from the public, it maintained order and its monks were some of the few literate people during this time period. They maintained libraries and kept books from earlier civilizations. During this period the modern European countries such as Spain, France and Norway began to immerge. In the High Middle Ages feudalism created modern Europes government, including nobles, monarchs, and parliaments. As trade began to expand towns immerged which had a huge impact on European culture. Also, with agricultural inventions people did not have to worry about food shortages and

A Bronx Tale Analysis essays

A Bronx Tale Analysis essays In the movie, the 1960s are portrayed with reality as the viewer is taken to East 187th Street in the Bronx, New York. The Fordham neighborhood shown is highly populated by citizens of Italian decent, and a strong cultural social bond exists in the streets. Children play stickball on corners as older members of the community hustle to earn money. From legitimate business (like the fruit vendors) to illicit workings (bookmaking), everyone is busy with some form of social advancement. On the corner stands the kingpin of the neighborhood. This person (Sonny) is the boss of a local mob type operation. This neighborhood is held in fear of Sonnys actions, and yet motivated by respect and admiration for the man. The social benefits are immediate and apparent from the bookmaking and gaming occurring at the corner bar, to the protection of the neighborhood from other groups. Members of the community come together to assemble at the bar, further connecting and strengthening the social bond of the Italian citizens. From the movie, much pride is taken in the heritage and the culture of the Italian people, and this is perpetuated by the success of the organized crime group in the area. Sonnys actions and presence are seen in retrospect to those hardworking citizens, who long for a piece of the wealth. Overall, organized crime taps into the communities need for social advancement as well as survival. To be a part of this organized crime group almost guarantees success in life; meaning money for the family, employment, social interaction, and protection. In the world of crime, there have been many different attempts to figure out what drives the criminal to commit acts against society. Many of these theories are supported by evidence based on actual events that have occurred. In the movie A Bronx Tale, many of these theories are evident based on the actions of the cast of the movie, portraying stre...

Johanne strauss (younger) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Johanne strauss (younger) - Research Paper Example On noticing that the Younger was learning how to play a violin, the father whipped the young boy ostensibly to remove the music out of him. Later, his father abandoned the family for another woman giving him the chance to develop his talent as a composer. With the help of his mother, Strauss II studied counterpoint and harmony under the tutelage of Professor Joachim Hoffmann. He exercised harmony under the direction of Joseph Drechsler, a composer. In 1844, Strauss II composed the gradiuale, Tu qui regis totum orbem (Gartenberg, 1972). During his training, his teachers wrote positive testimonials of the young Strauss, including Anton Kollmann. With the skills he had learnt and the testimonials he had received from his very able teachers, the Younger applied for a licence to perform from the authorities in Vienna. His first team of band men were drawn from the Zur Stadt Belgrad tavern – an easy target for aspiring musicians seeking work. Owing to his father’s influence in the local entertainment industry in Vienna, many people were reluctant to offer the Younger a chance to perform at their venues, knowing that the older Strauss was against his son’s pursuit of a carrier in music. The Younger luckily managed to convince the Dommayers Casino in Hietzing to allow his show his talent some time in 1844 (Gartenberg, 1972). This move so angered the older Strauss that he vowed never again to perform in the casino. At the casino, the Younger played his first compositions including Gunstwerber, Op.  4, and Herzenslust, Op.  3 (Gà ¤nzl 2001). The public was awed by the Young’s performance even as critics and the media poured praise upon his head. Although beginning a career in music proved difficult at first, the Younger Strauss charted the murky waters to become a great success. He accepted commissions to perform at entertainment joints away from where he

Environmental Geology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Geology - Assignment Example motions between the larger Pacific, North America and Eurasia plates; these include the Okhotsk and Amur microplates that are respectively part of North America and Eurasia. (b) The Japan Trench subduction zone has hosted nine events of magnitude 7 or greater since 1973. The largest of these is a M 7.8 earthquake approximately 260 km to the north of the March 11 epicenter, caused 3 fatalities and almost 700 injuries in December 1994. In June of 1978, a M 7.7 earthquake 35 km to the southwest of the March 11 epicenter caused 22 fatalities and over 400 injuries. Large offshore earthquakes have occurred in the same subduction zone in 1611, 1896 and 1933 that each produced devastating tsunami waves on the Sanriku coast of Pacific NE Japan. (c) The coastline here is particularly vulnerable to tsunami waves because it has many deep coastal embayments that amplify tsunami waves and cause great wave inundations. The M 7.6 subduction earthquake of 1896 created tsunami waves as high 38 m and a reported death toll of 22,000. The M 8.6 earthquake of March 2, 1933 produced tsunami waves as high as 29 m on the Sanriku coast and caused more than 3000 fatalities. The March 11, 2011 earthquake far surpassed other earthquakes in the southern Japan Trench of the 20th century, none of which attained M8. A predecessor may have occurred on July 13, 869, when the Sendai area was swept by a large tsunami that Japanese scientists have identified from written records and a sand sheet. Ans. Eyjafjallajà ¶kull, also known as Eyjafjà ¶ll, lies south of the intersect between Icelands East Volcanic Zone (EVZ), a NE-SW trending rift system, and the E-W trending South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ). The EVZ is currently the main zone of divergence between the North American and Eurasian plates on the Icelandic landmass, with slightly less divergence currently occurring at the parallel Western Volcanic Zone. Eyjafjallajà ¶kull is an elongated structure somewhat resembling a shield volcano, which is

Acute Pain in Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Acute Pain in Children - Essay Example The intervention made to health institution through the initiative international health bodies has led to the creation of the pediatric analgesic trails, which aim at providing evidence pain management in child across the ages. In practice, assessments methods for pain intensity are critical in treating children of different ages. Acute pain is one of the common ailments in childhood and one that requires emergency response. In this paper, we will discuss the RCN guidelines on response given to acute pain in children. Acute Pain Assessment Tools In the last decade, a number of assessment tools required for testing the pain for appropriate ages have enabled documentation and quantitative and qualitative assessment of pain. The assessment method for children across the ages have undergone various changes, where issues affecting the new born to those children that are talking can be addressed. Currently, assessment methods include behavioral measures of pain. In this measurement method, the pediatrician would use behavior checklists, which has a list of pain effects that a child would encounter. The list has scores, which the pediatrician would check before assigning a given pain. In the assessment checklist, issues such as time, response to pain among others influence the decision that the pediatrician would make against a given pain. ... The RCN guideline has nine key areas that health professionals should observe when assessing acute pain in children. The provision in the guideline indicates when pain should be accessed, indictors, what the health professionals should do, as well as the parents of the child. The RCN guideline sought to achieve three objectives; first, create awareness about symptoms, which helps in recognition of pain, second, recommend methods for pain assessment, lastly, promote use of method in pain assessment. While many nurses claim they know when children are in pain, the guideline for pain assessment intended to clarify how best the nurses should respond to children pain. In addition, it sets standards, which nurses should uphold while assessing pain. Since nurses did not have standards of assessment, it is arguable that cases of misinterpretation of pain existed. Prior to the creation of the RCN guideline on pain assessment, critics observed that nurses interpreted pain differently. It was a rgued that parent and nurse observation and interpretation of pain is different. Most of the available research on pain assessment indicates that observation was the most common method used in the assessment. Although the method proves to be worthy, the behavior observed might not be the degree of pain. Other consideration included emotional response to pain as observed by their parents. Thus, settling on an inclusive procedure acceptable by parents and nurses was critical at this stage. It is also notable that consideration of the preexisting literature and research on pain were adequately done before the recommendation of the guideline. Since the introduction of pain assessment scale, observation made on its application has

Discovery Of Losartan Potassium Health And Social Care Essay

Discovery Of Losartan Potassium Health And Social Care Essay Losartan is the first angiotensin II receptor antagonist drug to be marketed for use mainly to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Losartan was first discovered in March 1986 by scientists on their first assignments at a corporate research laboratory, in Du Pont, as DuP 753(Merck 954), a highly potent and orally active non-peptide Ang II receptor antagonist. At the time, DuPont as a company was rather new to pharmaceutical business. The company had previously been dealing in chemicals, but the in the 1970s when the demand for Petroleum and its related products natural gas drove prices high, management attempted to diversify the business by seeking other business avenues to reduce their dependency on chemicals in a hope of also increasing their profit. As a result of creating new business, DuPont had ventured into pharmaceuticals and other life sciences businesses by the 1980s. Losartan work was one of the compounds DuPont research labs worked on. The company being inexperience in this area of business, hired Robert I. Taber, a scientist with two decades of research experience with Schering, to head pharmaceutical research at DuPont.It was Taber who recognized the areas of potentials and encouraged the research team to delve further. However, DuPont being a fairly young company in these areas would lead to other weighty problems, and these issues were quickly settled by a collaboration with the more experienced Merck, who also recognised the Potential of Losartan and convinced DuPont that there was more to be gained by working on Losartan. Development of Losartan was done after a series of efforts. The final market product was Co-Developed with Scientists from both Merck DuPont. [BHARDWAJ, G., 2006] Losartan was approved by the FDA in April 1995, and it was then launched that month as the first non-peptide anti-hypertensive drug in the new class of Ang II receptor antagonists. Merck started selling losartan under the trade names CozaarT and HyzaarT with annual sales in excess of $3 Billion Dollars by 2005. Chemical Structure (IUPAC) nomenclature (2-butyl-4-chloro-1-{[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) biphenyl-4-yl] methyl}-1H-imidazol-5-yl) methanol Chemical data Formula C22H23ClN6O Mol. mass 422.91 Action of Losartan Losartan selectively inhibits all Ang II responses that have been studied and lowered blood pressure in several animal models of renin-dependent hypertension. In animals, the antihypertensive efficacy of losartan has been found to be similar to that of the ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors) but, unlike ACE inhibitors, losartan is a more selective inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system since it does not affect the metabolism of kinins. Compared with peptide Ang II antagonists (e.g. saralasin), losartan has significant advantages, including a long duration of action, effective oral absorption and no Ang II agonist activity. [SIEGL, P.K., 1993] Indications Hypertension Losartan tablets is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. Losartan can be used alone or used in combination with other antihypertensive agents, including diuretics. [Rx LIST THE INTERNET DRUG INDEX., 2009] Hypertensive Patients with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Losartan is also indicated in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy to reduce the risk of stroke, but there has been a study to suggest that Losartan is not beneficial with Black patients in reducing the risk of stroke. [Rx LIST THE INTERNET DRUG INDEX.,2009] In the LIFE study, it was found out that Black patients with conditions of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy had a lower risk of stroke on atenolol than on Losartan. However, there was some shortcomings of the LIFE study, as it did not provide evidence that the benefits of Losartan in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy by reducing the risk of cardiovascular events applied to Black patients. [Rx LIST THE INTERNET DRUG INDEX.,2009] Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Losartan is also very useful in the treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy, where there is an elevation of serum creatinine and proteinuria (urinary albumin to creatinine ratio à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 300 mg/g) in patients that have type 2 diabetes and a history of hypertension. In this group, Losartan has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of the nephropathy. This is measured by the occurrence of doubling of serum creatinine or end stage renal disease where there is need for dialysis or renal transplantation. [Rx LIST THE INTERNET DRUG INDEX.,2009] SPECIFIC PRODUCTS ( CONTAINING THIS DRUG) AVAILABLE FOR USE IN GIVEN CONDITION Combination therapy: A combination therapy is used if losartan monotherapy alone is not sufficient to control hypertension. Hence, losartan is available in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in different strengths as follows:[BRITISH NATIONAL FORMULARY., 2009] Losartan 50mg + Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5mg Losartan 100mg + Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5mg Losartan 100mg + Hydrochlorothiazide 25mg. The above combination is used for treatment of high blood pressure and stroke in patients with heart disease. It is a prescription only medicine. [MEDICINES AND HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS REGULATORY AGENCY., 2009] EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY FOR THIS TREATMENT. Clinical trials have shown a better efficiency of losartan as an antihypertensive by itself and a further higher efficiency in a combined state with hydrochlorothiazide. For example : a double-blind, multicenter, randomized, parallel group study performed on African Americans (who are generally less responsive to monotherapy from any hypertensive class), with severe hypertension have shown a significant reduction in sitting diastolic and systolic blood pressure with losartan monotherapy (45.8%) when compared with placebo (27.2%) . In the same study, the combination losartan/ hydrochlorothiazide regimen showed significant higher reductions (62.7%) in blood pressure compared with losartan monotherapy or placebo. More over, both the regimens i.e losartan monotherapy and the losartan/hydrochlorothiazide were as well tolerated as the placebo[FLACK, et al., 2001]. Other studies were performed on hypertensive patients who had discontinued treatment with calcium channel blockers and angiote nsin converting enzyme inhibitors due to side effects like peripheral edema or dry cough respectively. These patients when treated with losartan have shown as much reduction and control over blood pressure as they use to with previous therapies.[GIOVANNETTI, et al., 1997]. And quite interestingly it has also been observed that the clinical side effects were minimal with losartan treatment and the haematologic and biochemical profiles were also not disturbed. [GIOVANNETTI, et al., 1997] Studies performed on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic parameters of losartan on healthy male volunteers and also on special patient groups like elderly patients with renal impairment and those having liver disease, suggest that losartan is orally active and its effect lasts for over 24 hours. None of the patient groups showed any significant pharmacokinetic interactions[McINTYRE, et al., 1997]. Losartan 50mg appears to be a safe starting and maintenance dose in most patient populations. However, when an additive effect is required, it can be easily combined with thiazide diuretics to achieve the target blood pressure. Losartan has low discontinuation rate and it has also been observed that it was not associated with cough even in patients who experience this side effect with to ACE inhibitors [McINTYRE, et al., 1997]. A BRIEF COMPARISON WITH OTHER MEDICINAL PRODUCT USED TO TREAT THE SAME AILMENT Losartan potassium, is an angiotensin receptor antagonist (AT1) used in the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. However, a comparison with other ARB(e.g. valsartan and candesartan) shows that, these drugs have the same mechanism of action, though, their differences in pharmacokinetic profile may be responsible for their differences in efficacy in the treatment of hypertension. Losartan and valsartan when compared, exhibited a similar reduction in blood pressure at a lower concentration ,however, valsartan has a higher response rate and more effective 24hours blood pressure control rate at the dose of 160mg and 80mg respectively than losartan at 100mg and 50mg respectively.[BURNIER BRUNNER 2000]. Candesartan 8mg and 16mg has also demonstrated a more lasting antihypertensive effect than losartan 50mg and 100mg in ambulatory BP monitoring.[LACOURCIERE ASMAR 1999] A brief comparison with other medicinal products from the other class like B- adrenergic blocker(e.g. atenolol), ACEI(e.g. enerlapril), calcium channel blocker(e.g. felodipine) and diuretics were based on the efficacy, tolerability and safety in the treatment of essential hypertension. Losartan , when compared with amilodipine has been shown to exhibit a similar clinically relevant reduction in patients with systolic blood pressure, however, losartan was better tolerated as evidenced by fewer clinically adverse effect(CAE)and discontinuation compare with amlodipine [VOLPE, et al., 2003]. Meanwhile, in the contrasting effect of losartan, nifedipine GIT, and fosinopril on the ambulatory blood pressure, cardiac structure and function, and protective function of the endothelium in patients with essential hypertension, nifedipine GIT is superior to others in plate- granule membrane protein (GMP), while fosinopril and losartan had a preffered action to nifedipine GIT in reversing ventricul ar hypertrophy, however, losartan was better tolerated than the other drugs [QI XIURONG 2001]. Losartan potassium has been known to exhibit a fewer drug related adverse effect in contrast to other medicinal products in the other classes used in the treatment of hypertension. [GOLDBERG, et al., 1995] In summary, losartan potassium has an excellent tolerability profile in patient with essential hypertension and, in a demographic sub group of elderly versus young, women versus men and black versus non black; it has been shown to have an excellent safety profile. ADVANTAGES OF LOSARTAN POTASSIUM. Side effect; In the treatment of hypertension, losartan has exhibited fewer drug related side effect when it was compared with other class of antihypertensive agents .[GOLDBERG, et al., 1995] Tolerance; when compared in patients with essential hypertension, losartan was better tolerated than other agents from the other class and hence an excellent tolerability profile. Safety profile; It has a good safety profile in a demographic sub groups. It doesnt produce rebound high blood pressure when it is withdrawn. DISADVANTAGES OF LOSARTAN POTASSIUM. 1 Losartan has been associated with some damaging effect on the foetus which may include reduced body weight, death and kidney injuries hence it is contraindicated in pregnancy. [GOLDBERG, et al., 1995] Analysis of the market potential for the development of new drug candidates to treat the given condition Development of new drug products has always been a challenging task. Growth in technology resulted in an evolution in pharmaceutical world and has paved way for research and development to meet demands for more efficient products. About one billion people have been affected by hypertension world wide and reports also says that in US alone 65 millions people are affected by high blood pressure.[SMITH ASHIYA 2007]. This indicates the level of demand of antihypertensives world wide. Efforts have been made and many potential drugs have been developed till date. However the expiry of patents of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) opened doors for arrival of cheap generic products which resulted in a threat to the global pharmaceutical market. Data monitoring of the sales of antihypertensives in seven major global markets (i.e UK, France, US, Italy, Spain, Germany and Japan ) predicted sales of upto $ 29.5 billions by 2018, which would be a drop of $6 billion when compared to that of 2008. Considering above threats, the big pharmaceutical companies are under an impression that it is not worth to spend on research and development of novel therapies and they appear to be moving away from investing in research and development to develop more efficient antihypertensive therapies. [THE MEDICAL NEWS., 2009] Product Name Patent Number Patent Expiration Mercks COZAAR (losartan potassium) 5,138,069*PED  Ã‚   11 Feb,2010 Mercks COZAAR (losartan potassium) 5,153,197*PED   06 Apr, 2010 Mercks COZAAR (losartan potassium) 5,210,079*PED  Ã‚   11 Nov,2010 Table showing the expiry of patent of COZAAR (losartan potassium) Angiotensin receptor blocker. [DRUG PATENT WATCH., 2010] Short comings of the existing treatment to justify new drug development Though antihypertensive agents were able to achieve significant control over hypertension induced morbidity and mortality, still there is much to be done. For example: disappointments associated with coronary artery disease, risk of cardiovascular events even after treatment with antiphyertensive agents and comparatively higher possibility of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients compared to normotensive patients. These effects are thought to be due to inability of existing antihypertensives to reverse other associated factors like left ventricular hypertrophy, negative metabolic effects and risk associated with overtreatment.[HANSSON, L., 1991]. Hence there is a need for an ideal hypertensive agent which may be able to control blood pressure to normotensive levels whilst being free of negative metabolic effects. Moreover, it should also be able to reverss cardiovascular changes like cardiac hypertrophy and control tissue damage in case of possible vascular complications. [H ANSSON, L., 1991]. Analysis of data available on search engines indicates the promising role of upcoming gene therapy and nano-technology to produce new drug candidates. For example: Exploring areas like gene transcripton, molecular genetic regulation of blood pressure ( targeting genetic risk factors as in cases of essential hypertension) appears to be a new hope for future developments of antihypertensives.[KURTZ GARDNER 1998] Possible potential for new therapy. Research is currently being carried out to explore the potential of upcoming gene therapy and nano-technology to produce new drug candidates. For example: Areas like gene transcripton, molecular genetic regulation of blood pressure ( targeting genetic risk factors as in case of essential hypertension) appears to be a new hope for future developments of antihypertensives.[KURTZ GARDNER 1998]. However alternatively, combination products containing antihypertensives and statins could be a new hope for future developments. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦

job description :: essays research papers

Medical Bookkeeper Reports to:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Department: Classification:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Division: Date:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Approved: JOB FUNCTION: This bookkeeper position is responsible for pricing of surgeries and other services provided by the physicians and also for telephone collections and patient inquiries. ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pricing: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obtains chart from secretary. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reads the operative report, applies appropriate fee schedule, posts to the batch, secures physician approval of any changes, follows through on the necessary changes, and posts into the system. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prepares a monthly written report of the physicians' totals. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Educates new physicians to the Clinic pricing system. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prices new surgeries by comparing with fees from other clinics. f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Provides an estimate of surgery charges to patients. g.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enters new patient accounts on computer. h.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Posts all daily charges. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creates and maintains up-to-date procedural manuals for each physician as these procedures affect and are affected by this position. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Collections: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Performs all collection functions for the Clinic, including working with the insurance companies and the patients. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Turns over collectables to the collection agency with the approval of the physicians and the Business Manager. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Checks with attorneys on the status of legal patients every three months. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Calls patients and insurance companies for collections. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inquires monthly about the 90-day-and-older accounts from the computer. f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obtains the necessary statements from the computer and performs write-offs. g.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Locates patients who have moved. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Patient Inquiries/Patient Relations: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Locates charts and X rays. Copies them and sends them to other orthopedic physicians as requested. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Updates patients' personal data. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Occasionally enters an insurance number for a new patient when it is phoned in. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Requests itemized statements through the computer daily in response to patient requests. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With regard to cycle billings, assists the Bookkeeper–Computer in disassembling and preparing them for mailing three times a month. f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Receives telephone calls from patients inquiring about their accounts. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other Duties: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opens mail, posts payments, and balances. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Handles miscellaneous mail, such as insurance rejections, statements for patients, etc. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Helps Bookkeeper–Computer balance at the end of the month and assists in finding errors. ADDITIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Functions as a backup for the Bookkeeper–Computer. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Performs other duties as required and assigned by the Business Manager. Challenges Unique to this Position: The fee practices of each of the physicians and the interpretation of charges differ to some degree, and this bookkeeper must be able to recognize possible areas of difficulty and take appropriate steps.

Using the Law to Protect the Environment

Introduction When defining the environment, Dimento (2003) states that it comprises of both natural and anthropogenic elements that are not only mutually interrelated, but has an impact on the ecological balance, life, human health, historical and cultural heritage and the landscape. From this definition, the environment comprises of three main things, the natural resources, the fauna and flora, and the properties which form part of the cultural heritage (Shelton & Kiss 2005). The misuse of environmental resources and pollution worldwide has prompted commitment from governments and major stakeholders to put in place measures to protect the environment, and, consequently, environmental laws are being enacted in an effort to protect the environment (Dimento 2003). The environmental resources cannot be rejuvenated once depleted; neither can it protect itself from misuse and pollution. Therefore, only the law can be used to protect the environment. Putting in place laws in charge of the environment w ill speak loudly about how the environment can be used sustainably as well as give prior warnings to those who may intend to misuse or pollute the environment. Laws usually give directions and consequences of going against such directions. Environment has its own rights and any violator of such rights will only be answerable to the law. According to UNEP, environmental law looks at the features of the protection programs which have been put in place to safeguard specific aspects of the environment and natural resources, such as water, air, waste and endangered species. It is also the reference point for judges presiding over environment related cases (Thirlway 2003). Before 1960, the environmental law did not exist as independently as other domestic or international legal issues (Shelton, Kiss & Kanami 2003). However, international laws in place currently to help tackle the scientific issues which affect the environment, such as uncertainty issues, sustainable development, issues of diversity and settings issues of individuals and the society, and economics aspects of the environment (Fitzmaurice 2003). These laws seek to control the use of resources in a sustainable manner and to eradicate contamination of the environment through pollution and similar human practices. These laws, therefore, protects against loss of biodiversity, loss of fertility, desertification and famine, depletion of fishing resources, increase of cancers due to depletion of the ozone layer and damage of future generations (Zaelke, Kaniaru & Kruzikova 2005). According to the United Nations (2003), sources of environmental laws can be classified into two categories: the National laws and the International laws. The basis of the legal mechanisms of the environmental law include prohibition and restriction of activities such as pollution, product and process standards, prior informed consent, environmental impact assessment, and land use regulation (Zaelke, Kaniaru & Kruzikova 2005). General ly, these laws are formulated in such a way that they are preventive, that is, they prevent damage of the environment such that the use of some resources from the environment must be approved through rigorous exercises of environmental impact assessment and other similar regulations. This, in a broader perspective, helps in protecting the environment. Sanctions and penalties have also been put in place for those who fail to comply and this also helps in protecting the environment (Stanley, Johnson & Gunther 1993). References. Dimento, J., (2003)., The Global Environment and International Law, .University Of Texas Press. Fitzmaurice, M., (2003)., The Practical Working of the Law of Treaties, In International law, Oxford University Press. Tarlock, D., History of Environmental law. Environmental law and their enforcement, Vol 1, Thirlway, H., (2003)., The Sources of International Law, In International Law, Oxford University Press. (272) Shelton and Kiss., (2005)., Judicial handbook on Environmental law, UNEP, Hertfordsire, Shelton, Kiss & and Kanami., (2003)., Economic Globalization and Compliance with International Environmental Agreements. New York:, Kluwer Law International, New York. Stanley, Johnson and & Gunther., (1993)., Managing Fragile Ecosystems: Combating Desertification and Drought, The Earth Summit: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) n.d United Nations., (2003),. Handbook of Final Clauses of Multilateral Treaties, United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Policy Development and Law (â€Å"Unep/Dpdl†) Zaelke, Kaniaru & and Kruzikova,. (2005),. Making Law Work, Environmental Compliance and Sustainable Development.,Cameroon.

Class Management Strategies Essays

Class Management Strategies Essays Class Management Strategies Essay Class Management Strategies Essay Pink Assessment Techniques Green Questioning Red Areas where Differentiation is possible Pupils line up outside the classroom Silence while I tell the pupils that their starter activity is on the board that they are to come in silently and begin. They are to put their hand up when they are finished. Written on board The questions we shall answer in todays lesson are What is weathering? What is erosion? What are the three different types of weathering? What type of weathering is acid rain? What does a rock most affected by acid rain contain? Which rock is least affected by acid rain? Starter activity to read in silence pages 98-99 (Book Eureka 2G) Brief Question and Answer Session Which of the questions written on the board can we now answer after reading pages 98 ; 99? Teacher Explanation of Weathering and Erosion Stress not strictly caused by the weather as the name suggests! We cause weathering, as do plants and trees. State strongly that weathering and erosion are different and the difference between them. Photograph Acetates Show colour acetates of impressive examples of weathering house crumbling into the sea, newspaper article detailing the damage caused by tree roots growing into buildings etc. this will make the topic relevant and real to the pupils. Book Work Title in books Weathering and Erosion (UNDERLINE) Use your books to find the formal definitions of weathering and erosion. Look in the Glossary at the back of the book (Class 8T not told where to look) Partner Work Use these definitions to explain the difference between the two to a non scientist, pretend the person sitting next to you is a non scientist and take it in turn to explain! State time limit 10 minutes Circulate the class to help students who are struggling and to listen in on some explanations. Board Work and Teacher Explanation Bring the class back together to confirm definitions and difference. Three different types of Weathering sub-heading in book There are three different types of weathering 1. Physical Weathering 2. Biological Weathering 3. Chemical Weathering Write these in book Teacher Explanation Show colour acetates of photographs that demonstrate the affect acid rain has on statues and buildings made of different types of rocks. Explain how acid rain is caused and the consequences of acid rain. Acid rain acetate allow pupils time to copy the key points off the acetate. Colour in the rain red to signify that this is chemical weathering. Partner Work Ask the children to think about why some of the rocks have been weathered much more than others talk to the person next to you about a possible explanation? Time limit 5 minutes Worksheet Gain class attention (I am waiting for silence, and then use individual pupil names if necessary) Wait for total silence and whole class attention before you tell them you will be handing out a worksheet with the following questions on to be stuck into the childrens books. Acetate Rain water is naturally slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide from the air dissolves into the rain water turning it slightly naturally acidic. Carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid Fossil fuels contain sulphur, when they are burned they produce sulphur dioxide. When sulphur is burnt in air this happens! Sulphur + oxygen = sulphur dioxide Sulphur dioxide is acidic! Sulphur dioxide dissolves into rain water to produce an acid called sulphuric acid this very acidic! Rocks containing calcium carbonate will be weathered most quickly by acid rain because the carbonate reacts with the acid in the rain Fast finishers to read about consequences of acid rain on page 45. Class Practical Gain class attention Count to three, eyes and ears on me! Praise those as they begin to pay attention with each number counted down one well done girls thank you, Two good back row, Three! Tell this background story for the experiment: It is the year 3000 rain water has become extremely acidic due to all the fossil fuels being burnt! Houses are being weathered away by the second; this has major implications for the economy of Britain ask what economy is. The Government has employed you to discover which rock they should build houses out of in order to prevent this type of weathering ruining all their future building work! You must carry out an experiment to test Granite, Limestone, Sandstone, Chalk and Marble. Provide the class with a worksheet that reiterates the story and the experiment they are to carry out. (See Appendix 1) Carrying out the Practical Vicky to hand out 8 glue sticks (know how many go out count them back in) Use pages 14 15 to answer the following questions state 10 min time limit. Alex to hand out the worksheets A bucket has been placed at the front to empty used rock samples into. One jar of acid rain will be placed on each bench. One jar of each rock will also be placed on each bench. You shall be working individually for this experiment at your own work bench. Santosha to give out the glass dishes 28 Nick to give out the pipettes 28 Rachael to give out the stop clocks 28 I Will Demonstrate how to Carry Out Experiment Carry out the experiment and then clear away all practical equipment once you have completed the experiment. Writing the Report Following this write a report for the government saying what you had to do, what you discovered and state which rock they should build houses out of and why! Everyone who finishes the report 20 minutes before to the bell will get a merit. Fast finishers are to write a poem about acid rain to give other children a chance to catch up before the plenary session. Plenary Session Plenary session involves white boards to be used for a question and answer session Exercise books to be collected in today pass them to the inside end of the benches along with the text books and will Nick, Adam, Jason and Michaela please bring them to my desk. Some of the words children will be tested on placed on OHT a few minutes to revise while I check the homeworks those who have not completed the homework will be asked to stay behind after this lesson and complete. (BREAK-TIME) White board Questions What type of weathering is acid rain? Rain water is naturally acidic, what dissolves into rain water to produce this slight acidity? What dissolves into rain water to cause acid rain? Which rock would be best to build houses out of in order to withstand the affects of acid rain? Which rock would you not want to build houses out of with consideration to acid rain? What do the rocks which react most readily with acid rain contain? (slightly harder question) What is this a definition of Wearing away of rock by a physical or chemical process Wearing away of rock while it is being transported Dismissal of Class Stand behind benches ask Vicky, Lee, Jamie and Danny to check the sinks which row will be the first to go? Dismiss rows in the order in which they became silent first.

To Live (HuoZhe) Film Discussion

To Live (HuoZhe) Film Discussion The To Live movie highlights the predicament of a Chinese family in a harsh social, cultural, economic and political environment. These changes were influenced by the Communist ideologies that were institutionalized in 1940s. The political and cultural environment in China is as a result of the Communist revolution initiated by the Communist Party.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To Live (HuoZhe) Film Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The movie To Live was released in 1994 and has played a significant role in informing viewers about China’s revolutionary journey. The political, social and economic environment of China has significantly changed since the Communist Party came into existence in 1949. The film depicts the will power of the Chinese people and their determination to survive against all odds. The creators of the film are very daring because they highlight very sensitive social and political issues. This paper will highlight the important themes in the Huo Zhe movie that are related to Chinese politics. The To Live film portrays the political atmosphere in China during the time the movie was produced. The effects of the communist movement that began in the 1940s brought both happiness and sadness to many Chinese families. The Chinese Civil War and Cultural Revolution are some of the issues that the movie tries to bring to light. The film brings a new perspective to the cultural and political revolution in China. The producers of the To Live movie did an excellent job in depicting how the ordinary citizens in China cope with cultural, political, economic and social changes initiated by their government. The film does not in any way go overboard on tragic issues but presents the life of an ordinary Chinese citizen in an amusing manner. The pains and joys of ordinary Chinese people are captured in the film. The movie was created when China was undergoing difficult social, economic and political times. The To Live film tries to change the meaning of communism where the lives of citizens depend on the laws and regulations put in place by the government. Institutionalization of communism brought together the public and private sectors. Communism has erased the element of privacy from the Chinese society. The To Live film is a depiction of Communism in the Chinese society and how it affects the lives of ordinary citizens. In the To Live movie, communism ideologies are imposed on the Chinese society and as a result cause many families to undergo tragedies. Fugui’s family experiences both tragic and joyful moments under the then regime.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fugui loses his two children to Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward which came as a result of communism. The To Live movie tries to rally people against commun ism in an indirect manner. By highlighting the negative effects of communism, the film tries to push for an anti-communist agenda. The film highlights some of he failures of communism without any form of bias. The communist movements were supposed to bring some positive transformation to the Chinese society but that did not happen due to some resistance from the Chinese people. The Cultural Revolution brought about by Chinese communism had some negative impacts on the life of ordinary Chinese people. Excessive worship of Mao is also depicted as one of the negative effects brought about by the Communist ideologies fronted by the Chinese government. The producers of the movie have consistently denied accusations that the movie spreads propaganda against the communist ideologies of the Chinese government. They argue that the To Live movie highlights both the negative and positive effects of communism. The characters in the film express their feelings in an honest manner to actually por tray the real picture of what they go through without any exaggeration. The director’s intention is to inform the viewers the truth about communism and not to necessarily rally people against the Chinese Government. The director of the movie reconciled with the Chinese government at that time and continues to live in China to demonstrate the fact that the movie was not a show of hatred to communist ideologues and policies that had been initiated by the Chinese government. The Chinese political history is associated with many challenging times which are highlighted in the film. The images and emotions in the film are very real and portray cultural, social and economic themes effectively. The political message in the film is presented explicitly from the way the story was delivered. The To Live film brings out the theme of political socialization in a very effective manner. The film is a brilliant reflection of what the ordinary Chinese citizens were experiencing at the time th e movie was made. The film emphasizes the value of life and how citizens should endure the challenges they come across in life to continue surviving.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To Live (HuoZhe) Film Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The movie encourages viewers to enjoy life despite the social and economic challenges they might encounter. Despite the many difficulties in life, a person’s family should be treasured. This ideal is depicted in the film by Fugui who demonstrates devotion to his family despite the many challenges and suffering that his family undergoes under the government of the time. The Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution that occurred in China in 1970s had idealistic intentions meant to bring a new order in China but this did not happen because of some brutal youths who strayed the movement. The ignorant Chinese citizens who were not even aware of such communist political mo vements were greatly affected. Fugui and his family go through the three decades of Civil War and are faced with social and economic challenges. In this movie, politics is portrayed as a detrimental force that brings despair to many families. Fugui’s idealistic view about politics completely changes and he finally sees his family as the only source of happiness. This is demonstrated by the fact that ordinary Chinese citizens were very frustrated with the government of the time and were looking for other ways of injecting some meaning in their lives. Fugui’s life depicts the fact that the life of ordinary citizens can not be solved by communism and other government ideologies. Focusing on improving family life should be the main preoccupation of ordinary Chinese people than depending on government ideologies and policies to help them in improving their lives. The many revolutionary movements in China were causing families to lose their loved ones and no one had the cour age to speak about this issue. The Chinese people were so involved in the revolution movements to a point of not realizing the harm that the revolution was causing to their families. Ordinary Chinese citizens go along with their life completely ignoring the tragic nature of their life. Communism failed to deliver its promise of making the life of Chinese people better.

Case study - assignment question answer Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study - question answer - Assignment Example As such, they decided to offer higher than the original prices to benefit the workers and to enable them maintain their jobs. The following statement from the text, â€Å"...harangued the Japanese team about their hypocrisy...† referring to the British boss, clearly reveals the anger and disappointment that the boss had towards the Japanese negotiators. Additionally, the aspect of emotion also appears from this statement, â€Å"...offer you an additional fifty cents a tonne above the price that you originally asked for...†. This statement by the chief Japanese negotiator is a reflection of the Japanese feelings towards the proposal forwarded by the British negotiators. Indeed, they had mixed feelings. The decision made by the Japanese negotiators triggered excitement though it was accompanied by a lot of surprise. According to Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory, effective intercultural communication plays a very significant role in creating understanding among different cultures and therefore preventing any cultural difference. Miscommunication is caused by lack of cultural understanding and poor communication skills, which can only trigger cultural conflicts. Hofstede suggested some cultural dimensions like uncertainty avoidance, collectiveness and individualism among others. Accordingly, Hofstede claims that these cultural dimensions, when put into use, assist in overcoming cultural differences. Arguably, the Japanese negotiators, listening to their counterparts and weighing the consequences of what they were about to do, enabled them solve their cultural differences and stabilized the situation. Accordingly, the British negotiators were very much interested on the interest of the South African workers. As such, they focused on their main reason of setting the prices and maintaining their position concerning the price. The British boss, having been disappointed by the Japanese negotiators, decided to be

Organizational bahavior Business (MBA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational bahavior Business (MBA) - Essay Example 45). The key to managing a diverse workforce is increasing individual awareness of and sensitivity to differences of race, gender, social class, sexual orientation, physical ability, and age. The locus of change is the individual and change itself is both intra- and inter-personal. This approach is consistent with the preponderance of diversity initiatives undertaken in organizations, which primarily comprise training and development efforts such as diversity awareness training, leadership training, mentoring, and personal support group (Cope 2000, p. 76). A strict code of ethics and social corporate responsibility will ensure that the company value all stakeholders and ensures fair treatment of all groups. Ethics and SCR will ensure high high-standards of performance and ethical norms followed by all employees. The system of inquiry will help to incorporate specific references to such topics as new legal and ethical dimensions, and SCR (Frederick 2000, p. 5). It should be framed so that it is easy to derive from it policies on these and other aspects of conduct at work. It also will provide a basis on which to build training on such problem themes in a way which is convincing even to people who might otherwise consider them to be matters only for campaigning special interest groups (Frederick 2000, p. 23). It is the role of management to act as important activity and to co-ordinate, direct and guide the efforts of members toward the achievement of goals and objectives (Dubbink 2003, pp. 3, 7). Within this process ethics and ethical c ode has a great influence on organization and decision making process as a part of management. the company can donate some money to local church or healthcare organization, finance non-for-profit organization or support R&D activities. The company should consider social issues and environmental influences in making investment decisions (Dubbink 2003, p. 42). Employees, their work safety and health are the main priority. It is important to improve working conditions and introduced health related programs for employee. Also, it is vital for the company to take actions and decrease GHG emissions and negative impact of production on the environment. Question 2 In general, the level of successful performance of a team is influenced by successful or unsuccessful decision-making process, because it involves full discussion and participation. This appears to work best where a high level of interaction is required among all members of the group in order to solve complex problems. The main factors which imperative to effectively measuring the successful performance team performance are team dynamics and cohesion, common language and shared understanding (DeMarco and Lister 1999, p. 45, 52). Also, it is possible to single out the level of professionalism and leadership qualities of a leader (DeMarco and Lister 1999, p. 155). "A team leader should bear in mind that low dynamics prevent teams to produce a higher level of output"

To what extent is the fate of the protagonist in Woman at point Zero Essay

To what extent is the fate of the protagonist in Woman at point Zero (Nawal El Saadawi) and Chronicles of a death foretold dictated by the moral values of the culture in which they live - Essay Example These values determine the characters actions and thereby shape their fates. In Woman at Point Zero, the protagonist is manipulated and dishonored by a number of people in her life. She has no power over the events that happen to her. She gradually learns the value of power and money which enables one to gain control over others and that becomes the utmost aim in her life. Similarly honor as a moral value affects the lives of all the major characters in Chronicle of a Death Foretold as they exist in relation to a single major event. Santiago pays the price for supposedly dishonoring Angela. Angela pays the price for not being a virgin. The Vicario brothers have to commit a crime to defend the honor of their sister. Roman has to discard his wife because honor means everything to him. All the characters display a variety of emotions. They show both negative and positive streaks in their personalities. Although much of the narrative is focused on him, Santiago Nasar is an ambiguous character throughout the novel. The narrator says that â€Å"he was a child of a marriage of convenience† and that he is open hearted. His appreciation of valor, prudence, firearms and falconry comes from his father, who is no longer alive. The narrator also says that Santiago would have seduced Divina Flor, just as his father seduced her mother, Victoria Guzman. As the narrator says Angela Vicario can be said to be the main character of the story. She is center of the mystery that the narrator is trying to unravel, since she is the only one who knows who truly took her virginity, and she remains mysterious at the end of the story because she never reveals whether or not Santiago was guilty. As a young girl, she was the most beautiful of her four sisters. However, the narrator says she had a "helpless air and a poverty of spirit that augured an uncertain future for her." The narrator says that her "penury of spirit had been aggravated by the years."

Amy Lowell by Marcia Dinneen Essay Example for Free

Amy Lowell by Marcia Dinneen Essay Amy Lowells Life and Career Marcia B. Dinneen (http://www. english. illinois. edu/maps/poets/g_l/amylowell/life. htm) Amy Lowell was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, the daughter of Augustus Lowell and Katherine Bigelow Lawrence. Both sides of the family were New England aristocrats, wealthy and prominent members of society. Augustus Lowell was a businessman, civic leader, and horticulturalist, Katherine Lowell an accomplished musician and linguist. Although considered as almost disreputable, poets were part of the Lowell family, including James Russell Lowell, a first cousin, and later Robert Lowell. As the daughter of a wealthy family, Lowell was first educated at the family home, Sevenels (named by her father as a reference to the seven Lowells living there), by an English governess who left her with a lifelong inability to spell. Her first poem, Chacago, written at age nine, is testament to this problem. In the fall of 1883 Lowell began attending a series of private schools in Brookline and Boston. At school she was the terror of the faculty (Gould, p. 32). Even at Mrs.  Cabots school, founded by a Lowell cousin to educate her own children and the children of friends and relations, Lowell was totally indifferent to classroom decorum. Noisy, opinionated, and spoiled, she terrorized the other students and spoke back to her teachers (Heymann, p. 164). During school vacations Lowell traveled with her family. She went to Europe and to New Mexico and California. On the latter trip she kept a travel journal. Lowell enjoyed writing, and two stories she wrote during this time were printed in Dream Drops; or, Stories from Fairyland (1887), by a Dreamer. The volume was published privately by her mother, who also contributed material, and the proceeds were donated to the Perkins Institute for the Blind. Lowells schooling included the usual classes in English, history, French, literature, and a little Italian. As Lowell later noted, My family did not consider that it was necessary for girls to learn either Greek or Latin (Damon, p. 87). She would also describe her formal education as not amounting to a hill of beans (Benvenuto, p. 6). School ended in 1891, and Lowell made her debut. Described as the most popular debutante of the season, she went to sixty dinners given in her honor. Her popularity was attributed to her skills in dancing and in the art of conversation, but her debut did not produce the expected marriage proposal. Although Lowell had finished formal schooling, she continued to educate herself. Unfortunately, higher education was not an option for Lowell women. She put herself through a rigorous reading program, using her fathers 7,000-volume library and the resources of the Boston Athenaeum (her great-grandfather was one of the founders). Later Lowell would successfully speak out against the proposed relocation of the Athenaeum; this would also become the subject of a poem. Lowells love of books themselves began with her first Rollo book, Rollo Learning to Read, which her mother gave her when she was six. This gift marked the beginning of an enthusiasm for book collecting that would last throughout her life. In 1891 she made her first major purchase of a set of the complete works of Sir Walter Scott with money she had received as a Christmas gift. It was, however, her collection of Keatsiana, including a rare first edition of Lamia inscribed to F. B. from J. K. (Fanny Brawne from John Keats), that put her in the forefront of international book collectors. Following her debut, Lowell led the life of a prominent socialite, visiting, going to parties and the theater, and traveling. Her mother, who had been an invalid for years, died in 1895. A disappointment in love prompted a winter trip to Egypt in 1897-1898. Lowell had accepted the proposal of a Bostonian whom she loved, but before the engagement was formally announced he became entangled elsewhere (Damon, p. 120). The family could do nothing to protect her except guard tenaciously the name of the errant suitor (Gould, p. 65). The trip was also for health reasons. Doctors felt Lowells obesity could be cured by the Egyptian heat and a diet of nothing but tomatoes and asparagus. The regimen almost killed her and resulted in a prolonged nervous collapse. In 1900 Lowells father died, and she bought Sevenels. She also bought a summer home in Dublin, New Hampshire, that she named Broomley Lacey. The area was home to the MacDowell Artists Colony as well as to other notable painters and sculptors. In Brookline Lowell assumed her fathers civic responsibilities. Early in 1902 she spoke against the reappointment of the elderly superintendent of the Brookline public school system. She was the first woman in the Lowell family to make a speech in public (Gould, p. 77). Initially booed, Lowell continued to speak with her usual forthrightness and, at the end, won applause as well as her point. Lowell became a member of the executive committee of the Brookline Education Society and chair of its Library Board. In October 1902 Lowell became a poet. Her interest in verse had been growing beyond her childhood enthusiasm, fueled by her reading Leigh Hunts Imagination and Fancy; or, Selections from the English Poets,which she had found near the ceiling in her fathers library. The volume was a revelation to her, opening a door that might otherwise have remained shut, Lowell remarked (Gould, p. 51). She had become enamored of poetry and the poets Hunt discussed, particularly Keats. After she saw Eleanora Duse perform one October night she wrote her first adult poem, Eleanora Duse. Although some critics say that she was being too hard on herself, Lowell described the 71-line poem as having every cliche and every technical error which a poem can have. Yet she also said, It loosed a bolt in my brain and I found out where my true function lay (Damon, p. 148). At age twenty-eight she had discovered her calling: to be a poet. In 1910 four of Lowells sonnets were accepted for publication by the Atlantic Monthly. A Fixed Idea, published first, appeared in August of that year. By 1912 she had published her first book of poetry, A Dome of Many-Colored Glass; the title came from Percy Bysshe Shelleys Adonais, his elegy for Keats. It was not well received by either the public or the critics. Louis Untermeyer wrote that the book to be brief, in spite of its lifeless classicism, can never rouse ones anger. But, to be briefer still, it cannot rouse one at all (Damon, p. 92). Yet 1912 was also the year that Lowell met actress Ada Dwyer Russell. The friendship between the two women has been described as platonic by some, as lesbian by others; it was, in fact, a Boston marriage. They lived together and were committed to each other until Lowells death. Russell was Lowells companion, providing love and emotional support, as well as the practical skill of organizing Lowells busy life. Biographer Richard Benvenuto observed that Lowells great creative output between 1914 and 1925 would not have been possible without her friends steadying, supporting presence (p. 0). The following year Lowell discovered some poems in Poetry by Hilda Doolittle, signed H. D. Imagiste. Lowell felt an identification with the style of H. D. s poetry and determined to discover more about it. Armed with a letter of introduction from Poetry editor Harriet Monroe, Lowell traveled to London to meet Ezra Pound, head of the imagist movement. In London Lowell not only learned about imagism and free verse from Pound, but she also met many poets, several of whom became lifelong friends. Over the years Lowell would develop many literary friendships that resulted in an enormous volume of literary correspondence, requiring Lowell to employ two full-time secretaries. Lowell not only supported and encouraged other poets with her writing, such as her favorable review of Robert Frosts North of Boston in the New Republic (20 Feb. 1915), but also with money and gifts. Lowells poems began to appear in increasing numbers in journals, and she was becoming a prolific writer of essays and reviews. Pound had requested the inclusion of her poem In a Garden in his anthology Des Imagistes(1914). Later Lowell and Pound would have a falling out over the direction of the imagist movement, and Pound would call the movement, as adapted by Lowell, Amygism. Lowell became the spokesperson of imagism, leading the fight for the renewal of poetry in her homeland (Francis, p. 510), and her efforts were tireless. She traveled throughout the country, selling the new poetry. Her own volume Sword Blades and Poppy Seed (1914), written in free verse and polyphonic prose, a Lowell invention, brought her an instantaneous phenomenal rise to fame (Gould, p. 139). Lowells first book of criticism, Six French Poets (1915), based on a series of her lectures, was also well received. Lowell was publishing a book a year, alternating between volumes of short verse and longer poems. Men, Women and Ghosts (1916) was highly regarded and contained Patterns one of her most famous poems. In it an eighteenth-century woman, walking in her garden, contemplates a future that has suddenly become empty because of the loss of her fiance in battle; she mourns the fact that the Patterns of her role required her to remain chaste before marriage. The next year she published another critical volume, Tendencies in Modern American Poetry, which included essays on six contemporary poets: Edwin Arlington Robinson, Robert Frost, Edgar Lee Masters, Carl Sandburg, H. D. , and John Gould Fletcher. Lowell also published anthologies of imagist poets in 1915, 1916, and 1917. Her next volume of poetry, Can Grandes Castle (1918), included four long poems; the title was taken from the name of the refuge where Dante, the Florentine exile, wrote portions of his Divine Comedy. Inspired by her lifelong interest in the Orient, Pictures of a Floating World (1919) is a translation of the Japanese word ukiyo-e, a term commonly associated with a form of eighteenth-century Japanese painting. It includes 174 short, free verse lyrics, considered by some as overtly erotic. For example, A Decade and The Weathercock Points South are described as a celebration of lesbian devotion. Legends (1921) contains eleven longer poems, and Fir-Flower Tablets (1921) is a collection of poems based on translations of ancient Chinese verse. Since Lowell did not read Chinese, she was dependent on English translations by Florence Wheelock Ayscough, which Lowell then turned back into poetry. A Critical Fable (1922) is a long, humorous poem, evaluating the state of contemporary poetry. Originally published anonymously, the poem pokes fun at fellow poets and at Lowell herself in lines of rhymed couplets. The poem was modeled on James Russell Lowells A Fable for Critics (1848). Her last publication was the momentous biography , John Keats (1925). In 1921 Lowell had given an address at Yale honoring Keats on the one-hundredth anniversary of his birth. The lecture stimulated her to write the book, which minutely examines Keatss life and corrects some long-standing misconceptions about him. Lowell was also the first biographer to see Fanny Brawne in a favorable light. The book was well received in the United States but not in Britain, where she was accused of writing a psychological thriller rather than a literary biography. Lowell was angry and heartbroken but in typical fashion determined to confront the critics on their own turf.

Childhood Depression :: essays research papers

Childhood Depression In recent years, we have heard of depression and the affects of the disorder, and what medications and theories help to prevent depression in adults. Many people are not aware that not only is depression diagnosed in adults, recently studies show that depression is diagnosed in adolescents. Not only adults become depressed. Children and teenagers also may have depression. Depression is defined as an illness when it persists. Childhood depression is one of the most overlooked disorders. Depression probably exists in about 5 percent of children in the general population. Children under stress, who experience loss, or who have, learning or conduct disorders are at a higher risk of depression. Studies show that depression is more likely to show up in boys than in girls. Depression in men and meal adolescents most of the time is over looked are misdiagnosed. Men for instance, have higher rates of drug abuse and violent behavior that do women or young female adolescents do, and some researchers belie that this behavior masks depression or anxiety (Canetto, 1992; Kessler al., 1994). Some Psychologists believe that the reason that young males are more likely to suffer from depression because of the stigmatism of being a male and being taught by adults that expressing there feelings are wrong. According to Carol Wade, Travis, Depression (Major Depression) is a disorder that is sever enough to disrupt a person’s ordinary functioning (Physiology filth edition, 586). The diagnoses of depression might be the same for adults and adolescents, but the behavior of depressed children and teenagers differs from the behavior of depressed adults. Child and adolescent psychiatrists advise parents to be aware of signs in there youngsters such as persistent sadness, A major change in sleeping and eating patterns and increased activity or irritability. Depression is accompanied by physical changes as well. Frequent complaints of physical illness such as headaches and stomachaches A child who used to play often with friends may now spend most of the time alone and without interest. Things that were once fun now bring little joy to the depressed child. Then symptoms could trigger antisocial personality, a disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as sealing, lying and sometimes violence: a lack of social emotions and impulsively. Children and adolescents and adolescents who are depressed may say they want to be dead or may talk about suicide. Depressed adolescents may abuse alcohol or other drugs as a way to feel better.

The Mind of Someone Who Uses Drugs :: essays papers

The Mind of Someone Who Uses Drugs In the mind of someone who does drugs there is always a reason to take that hit of acid, that pill of ecstasy, that line of coke or that bump of crystal. Justification is a powerful tool of persuasion, it’s a manipulation tool that others can use on you but more commonly you use on yourself. You don’t have to go to work for ten hours and the acid trip will only last about seven hours so as long as you don’t go to sleep you’ll be fine. You’ll not sleep for twenty-four hours and you’ll be cracked out as all hell at work but hell, it’s worth it. Most people that do drugs will say that they have great will power and only do a drug when they know they have the time and energy. I have heard and said that phrase so many times. The more drugs you do the less will you have to say no and the easier it is for people to persuade you to take that pill with them. Friends don’t persuade you because they want you to be â€Å"bad† like they are or any of that other crap you see on anti-drug commercials on television. Your friends want you to be there so that they can have fun with you while on the drugs together.. It is generally true that I have had most of my drug experiences with friends and it is also true that I have made some true bonds with people while on drugs. The question I use to always ask myself is â€Å"who are my real friends and who were friends that I made simply because we were on a substance†. It is so easy to bond with someone while on drugs, especially ecstasy. On the drug ecstasy it’s possible to bond with someone while that you have never gotten along with and probably never will again. My girlfriend who I dated for about three months, while knowing that I was gay, I met through drugs. Since she and I were generally high on something at all times our relationship was completely ( what does this meanthrough) and because of drugs. I have not spoken to her for over five months and if we did speak we would probably have little interest in each other.

Theories of First and Second Language Acquisition

There are various theories that have been put forward to describe first and second language acquisition. This paper outlines similarities and difference between first and second language acquisition. Additionally key theoretical points on second language acquisition have been identified. Finally, an explanation of how I intend to use my understanding of language acquisition theory to inform my teaching practice will also be included. Similarities of First and Second Language Acquisition Rod Elis (1984) examined the concept of developmental sequences.Studies have revealed that both first and second language learners follow a pattern of development, which is mainly followed despite exceptions. Elis outlined three developmental stages: the silent period, formulaic speech, and structural and semantic simplification. Both L1 and L2 learners go through the silent stage. In this stage, children acquiring a first language will go through a period of listening to the language that they are be ing exposed to. This period is used to discover what language is. Second language learners usually opt to remain silent for a period when immediate production is not required of them.The usefulness of the silent stage in second language acquisition is not agreed upon by researchers. Gibbons (1985 , as cited by Ellis, 1994)argues that this is a stage of incomprehension while Krashen (1982) argues that it builds competence in learners via listening. The second stage identified is formulaic speech. It is defined as expressions which are learnt as â€Å"unanalyzable wholes and employed on particular occasions (Lyons, 1968, cited in Ellis, 1994).According Krashen (1982), these expression can have the form of whole utterances learned as memorized chunks (e. g.  I don’t know) and partially unanalyzed utterances with one or more slots (e. g. Where are the______? ). The expressions can also consist of entire scripts such as greetings (Ellis, 1994). In the third stage, the first and second language learners apply structural and semantic simplifications to their language. For instance, they may omit articles and other grammatical forms as is the case with structural simplifications. Semantic simplifications take the form of omitting content words (e. g. nouns). These simplifications occur because learners may not have yet acquired the necessary linguistic forms.Another reason is that they are unable to access linguistic forms during production. In both first and second language acquisition there are particular structures that are acquired in a set order. Research shows that a learner’s first language has an effect on acquistional sequences which either slows their development or modifies it (McLaughlin, 1987). Individual variation in how individuals acquire language (such as communication strategies) may mask acquisitional sequences for certain constructions (Mclaughlin, 1987).Based on the morpheme studies in L2 acquisition, Krashen (1982) put forward th e Natural Order Hypothesis which claims that the rules of language are acquired in a predictable order. This acquisition order is not determined by simplicity or the order of rules taught in the class. It seems that there exists an order of acquisition in both first and second language acquisition. In both first and second language acquisition, learners may over generalize vocabulary or rules, using them in contexts broader than those in which they should be used.For instance, a child may say ‘eated’ instead of saying ‘ate’ for past tense of ‘eat’, and same thing may happen in second language acquisition an adult may say ‘holded’ instead of ‘held’ for the past tense of ‘hold’. Differences between First and Second Language Acquisition Nearly everyone acquires a first language but this is not the case with second languages. Acquiring a first language happens naturally, while acquiring a second language often requires conscious effort on the part of the learner.Another difference between first and second language learning relates to input, specifically the quality and quantity of input. According to the connectionist model the language learning process depends on the input frequency and regularity. Second language learners may have limited exposure to the target language that may be restricted to a couple hours a day where as first language learners are immersed in the language consistently. In first language acquisition, the basis for learning is universal grammar alone (Chomsky, 1968 as cited by Murray & Christison, 2006).In second language acquisition, knowledge of the first language serves as the basis for learning a second language. As a result of this, there may be both positive and negative transfer between the first and second language in second language learning. Key theoretical points that inform second language acquisition Various theories have been used to study the acquisit ion of a second language. These theories have strengths and shortcomings in their explanations of how second languages are acquired. I will attempt to highlight a few key points made by some of these theories.The behaviourism theory assumes that a person learns a second language by transferring habits formed in first language acquisition. These habits may sometimes interfere with the new ones needed to acquire a second language or the habits can be transferred to aid second language acquisition. However, further research has found that the influence of the learner’s first language may be more than a transferral of habits but involves a process of identifying points of similarity, assessing the evidence in support of a particular feature and reflecting on the feature’s relevance to the target language (Lightbown & Spada,2006).This theory is believed not to provide adequate explanations about how second language are acquired. However, there is value in the notion that an individual’s first language has an effect on second language acquisition efforts. The innatist’s perspective put forth the concept of Universal Grammar (UG). According to White (2000) Universal Grammar offers the best perspective to understand the acquisition of a second language. The concept of UG supports the belief that individuals have an innate language competence that is not taught to them formally.This competence is altered by the acquisition of a first language. This results in the need for second language learners to get direct information about what is not grammatically acceptable in the second language (Lightbown &Spada, 2006). Otherwise learners may assume that some first language structures are also present in the second language when they are not. This perspective encourages investigation into learners’ language competence and gaining an understanding of what learners know about the language rather than how they use it.The monitor model offers a c ouple valid points about second language acquisition. This model proposes that second language acquisition follows a predictable sequence. It also suggests that second language acquisition will occur when learners are exposed to language that is comprehensible and that contains the level of language already known along with language that is just a step beyond that level. There also different psychological theories that offer explanations for second language acquisition.Researchers who subscribe to the information processing model see second language acquisition as the construction of knowledge that can be called on automatically for speaking and understanding (Lightbown &Spada, 2006). Learners will have to use cognitive resources to process any aspect of the language that they are attempting to understand or produce. The connectionism perspective claims that learners gradually build up their knowledge of language through exposure to countless instances of linguistic features that th ey eventually hear (Lightbown & Spada,2006).When learners hear language features in specific situational or linguistic context constantly, they develop a network of connections between these elements. There are many other theories that are used to explain second language acquisition. After considering these theories, it is apparent that there is no one theory that adequately explains how individuals acquire second language. Using language acquisition theory in ESL practiceIt is apparent that there is no one theory that fully explains how language is acquired, so as an instructor, I have to consider the aspects of language acquisition that different theories have in common. I would then use these to inform my practice. For instance, it has been established that a learner’s first language affects their second language learning efforts. So as an instructor, it is my responsibility to identify the features of the first language that are interfering with the student’s secon d language learning as well as provide the student with the necessary material overcome that obstacle.I also understand that adult language learners do not acquire second languages as quickly as children. The Critical Period Hypothesis supports this claim. With this knowledge, I know that I will have to be patient with my adult students. I also know that there are stages of acquisition that they have to go through even if it is at a slow rate. So my intention is to use the information that has been established in my practice. I also have to be open minded as well be willing to make adjustments for individuals who are operating outside of the norm.