String Theory Essays -- physics

Special relativityThe speed of nimbleness is the speed limit for the universe. Light travels at the same speed regardless of relative position. When use to Newtonian physics, it provided new relativistic formulas for motion. 4Quantum guess lively objects emit electromagnetic radiation. If the energy carried off by radiation is added together, the total energy produced is metrical to be infinite. Max Planck deduced that if energy was emitted in discrete packets, quanta, it would be a finite quanity of energy. Radiation of frequency v comes in quanta of energy E = hv where h is Plancks constant . Photons are the quanta of light. This began the idea of wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. 4Quantum mechanicsExplanation of atomic particles including bosons and fermions . Describes the laws of motion for atomic particles and describes the spin of electrons that had previously been predicted. 5General RelativityEinstein saw that special relativity was in contradiction in terms w ith Newtonian gravity because the classical interpretation required the instantaneous transmission of force mingled with two objects. General relativity accounts for a discrepancy in Mercurys orbit, predicted that light would be bent by a gravitational field (proved by Eddington during a solar eclipse), predicted the existence of black holes and gravitational radiation, and describes an expanding universe. Gravity is a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. The equation for space-time geometry becomes Gv = 8piGTv where G is Newtons contant and Tv is the distribution of energy and momentum. 4Quantum Field TheoryQuantum Field Theory is the unification of quantum mechanics and special relativity. This union required the crea... ...ic Yang-Mills theory 6. industrial plant Cited1 Greene, Brian. Superstring Theory. University of Cornell. sack site. http//www.lassp.cornell.edu/GraduateAdmissions/greene/greene.html2 Herdeiro, Carlos. M-Theory The Theory Formerly cognize as casts. University of Cambridge, 1996. weave site. http//www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/qg_ss.html3 Pierre, John. Superstrings String Theory Home Page. 1999-2001. Web site. http//www.sukidog.com/jpierre/strings/4 Schwarz, John. The Second Superstring Revolution. Caltech Particle Theory Group. Web site. http//theory.caltech.edu/people/jhs/strings/5 Schwarz, Patricia. The Official String Theory Web Site. Web site. http//superstringtheory.com/6 String Theory in a Nutshell. University of London String Theory Group. Web site. http//www.strings.ph.qmul.ac.uk/ String Theory Essays -- physicsSpecial RelativityThe speed of light is the speed limit for the universe. Light travels at the same speed regardless of relative position. When applied to Newtonian physics, it provided new relativistic formulas for motion. 4Quantum TheoryHot objects emit electromagnetic radiation. If the energy carried off by radiation is added together, the tota l energy produced is calculated to be infinite. Max Planck deduced that if energy was emitted in discrete packets, quanta, it would be a finite quanity of energy. Radiation of frequency v comes in quanta of energy E = hv where h is Plancks constant . Photons are the quanta of light. This began the idea of wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. 4Quantum MechanicsExplanation of atomic particles including bosons and fermions . Describes the laws of motion for atomic particles and describes the spin of electrons that had previously been predicted. 5General RelativityEinstein saw that special relativity was in contradiction with Newtonian gravity because the classical interpretation required the instantaneous transmission of force between two objects. General relativity accounts for a discrepancy in Mercurys orbit, predicted that light would be bent by a gravitational field (proved by Eddington during a solar eclipse), predicted the existence of black holes and gravitational radiat ion, and describes an expanding universe. Gravity is a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. The equation for space-time geometry becomes Gv = 8piGTv where G is Newtons contant and Tv is the distribution of energy and momentum. 4Quantum Field TheoryQuantum Field Theory is the unification of quantum mechanics and special relativity. This union required the crea... ...ic Yang-Mills theory 6.Works Cited1 Greene, Brian. Superstring Theory. University of Cornell. Web site. http//www.lassp.cornell.edu/GraduateAdmissions/greene/greene.html2 Herdeiro, Carlos. M-Theory The Theory Formerly Known as Strings. University of Cambridge, 1996. Web site. http//www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/qg_ss.html3 Pierre, John. Superstrings String Theory Home Page. 1999-2001. Web site. http//www.sukidog.com/jpierre/strings/4 Schwarz, John. The Second Superstring Revolution. Caltech Particle Theory Group. Web site. http//theory.caltech.edu/people/jhs/strings/5 Schwarz, Pa tricia. The Official String Theory Web Site. Web site. http//superstringtheory.com/6 String Theory in a Nutshell. University of London String Theory Group. Web site. http//www.strings.ph.qmul.ac.uk/

McDonalds Case Analysis Essay -- Mcdonalds business Case Analysis Ess

McDonalds Case psychoanalysisI.ObjectivesMcDonalds mission was to provide customers with quality food at a low price with a accent on the speed, service and cleanliness they received while patroning one of their restaurants. The case counselinges on a specific share of the McDonalds restaurant chain that was opened in 1996, McDonald?s India. This segment of the restaurant giant had a more(prenominal) specific mission/philosophy to fulfill and had developed a special menu for these Indian customers to earn into account their culture and religion. When it was realized that beef extracts were found being used in producing McDonald?s fries, outraged vegetarians and Hindus across the United States and Canda filed a class go through lawsuit. Along with this, riots and demonstrations at restaurants in India took place, with mobs calling for the closure of all McDonald?s in India.II.Customer ScenarioBy 2001, McDonald?s had expanded its operations to 116 countries with a full of over 30,000 restaurants. McDonald?s sold to over 15 billion people every year The federation?s target market encompassed everyone as they attempt to offer menus that accommodated fast food lovers, vegetarians, the health-conscious as well as different religious sects.III.Nucleus of ControlMcDonald?s restaurant chain is comprised of company have restaurants as well as franchised restaurants, which make up over 65% of the operating McDonalds outlets because of this many of the restaurants are controlled and strike separate from one another. The whole segment of McDonald?s India has a board of managing directors that oversee McDonald?s operations in India. From a management standpoint, McDonalds can be seen to have different varying stances. The company can be viewed as a mature company that was introduced over 65 years ago and now encompasses virtually the entire globe with its operations. However, it seems that McDonald?s, rangy in size already, keeps expanding internationally as wel l as in the United States. While many of these newly opened restaurants are separately run franchises, it seems that while the McDonald?s name and idea may be mature, the company as whole seems to still have a growing, entrepreneurial stance.IV.Functional AnalysisA.Top ManagementThe company was started by two brothers, Richard and Maurice McDonald and was later purchased by a curr... ... marketing department. This would help to combat major catastrophes from happening and leading to more allegations and lawsuits.3. Create a separate department within the company to keep consistency among the many McDonald?s franchises. While this would be a great weapon in the overall operation of the company, there are probably too many franchises to be able to carry it out in a woo effective manner.VII.RecommendationsBoth alternatives one and two should be combined for the overall success of improving McDonald?s corporation. Marketing has done a terrible production line in many areas and could use a fresh start, but must rely on top management for the ultimate say.VIII.ImplementationThese alternatives can be put into place effective immediately. They should not bear large costs, with any costs relying soley on the hire of new employees and/or top management to retaliate for the extra workload. The most important benchmark to judge our decisions will be customer satisfaction. This can be done simply by surveys, online or focus groups. In the long term the benefits may be seen on a larger scale by viewing the perception of the company in the US as well as globally.

Definition Essay - The Word Private -- Definition Essays

Definition Essay - The Word PrivatePrivate is a word with a multitude of meanings, some known and others not so known. When searched for in a dictionary, it can be found that the definitions dont vary much between the three dictionaries, although the dictionary from 1913 had a few dissimilar terms. The word head-to-head was looked up in Webster Dictionary from 1913, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition, and the Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition. Many people think of orphic as meaning something in solitude, or secretive. Reading these dictionary entries revealed the labyrinthine meaning of the word private.Some of the definitions seem very similar to the way private is apply in every day life, however others seem hidden as though they were private definitions themselves. Most freshmen at Michigan State University and students at Waterford Mott High School dont use that word commonly in every day conversation but when we do use it, the conte xt in which it is used usually gives the implied meaning of being secretive or sheltered fro...

Kids Worst Nightmares :: essays research papers

Kids Worst NightmareThe worst nightmare for a babe in elementary inculcate is to hear his/her teacher say they will have no recess. Most children look forward to recess every sidereal day and near could even play everyday solely day if they could. It is a time for them to let off all the stress that has built up from school travel, and a time for them to be themselves. The council on Physical Education for Children agree that recess is a necessity, they state that Recess is a time that gives children opportunities to engage in physical activity, to developing, healthy bodies which in return would create healthy minds and bodies that would be capable for learning (COPEC, 2001). Recess is needed in all schools because it is healthy for all children, it improves social skills with one another, and it revitalizes the children.Recess is an important part of child development in mere(a) Schools because it allows the children to get the necessary exercises they need, which is health y for all children. Due to some parents work loads, community violence, and safety issues some children are unable to play freely. As a result of these issues, children are leaning more towards watching television, playing video games and other inactive activities that endanger their health (Jarrett, 2003). Therefore, children are at high risk for early signs of heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Recess is a way that Elementary schools help prevent health issues in some childrens lives. It also serves as a developmentally appropriate strategy for reducing stress. Olga S. Jarrett did a watch on recess, she stated that Recess allows children to be active which will make the child more assertive and able to focus on their class work when he/she starts on it (Jarrett, 2003). Jarrett also study how recess works with the brain and she concludes that Recess involves that valuable, unstructured downtime, that research says is crucial for recycling brain chemicals that formulate immens e term memory (Jarrett, 2003). During play, children breathe in oxygen which helps fuel their brains, creating more connections between neurons. This helps their brain to process information, and leads to better grades. Recess also helps with the development of childrens social skills and in the long run, being an adult in society.While children play, they are still learning they are learning life-long skills that will help them as adults. Skills such as working together, resolving conflicts, motor skills, and cognitive abilities are being taught.

Finding My Way Home :: Personal Narrative Religion Christianity Essays

Finding My Way HomeI was the king and master of my domain, and all that I saw was good. When I indomitable to write new chapters in my life in the world of College Academia, I entered a realm that was anything but familiar to me. Constant battles and trials raging day and nighttime for each month of my freshman year became known as Hades Gauntlet. The first challenge I faced was dealing with the seeds of conspiracy and betrayal. I was the attractor in my churchs youth group for a few years, where I led my friends into a positive direction of peace and prosperity. Around the aforesaid(prenominal) time I started my college journeys, I was at my finest hour. I saw success, happiness, and admiration of many people around me. But what I didnt see was the conceal jealousy and hatred a few people had towards me and storms over the horizon. I found myself in a dispute with a wolf in sheeps clothing, and because his significant other at the time is the daughter of the head of th e youth group, he decided it was best to banish me from the youth group and strip out-of-door my duties and sources of accomplishment and hope. He then handed over my reigns to his daughter, who treated me as harshly as the executioner to the prisoner. To add to it, he persuaded the Senior Pastor to retain me from being in any leadership positions, in an effort to encourage/force me to set aside the church completely. He also did this, because he, for some reason, resented my father, who decided to leave my church one month before I started my college life. What did I do to deserve this? Suddenly, the skies turned black, and this was a direct reflection of the pain I experienced. A perfectly good ministry turned into the vultures nest, then into a mockery of what was true and what was right. I felt that every time I walked into the same church Ive been in my whole life, I now entered enemy lines. Each second the vipers gazed their eyes upon me, I could feel their venomous strikes invading my heart, picking it with poison. I was no longer home, and my church became a prison to me, where I was fed to the mob and the Triad of Traitors.

Finding My Way Home :: Personal Narrative Religion Christianity Essays

Finding My Way HomeI was the king and master of my domain, and all that I truism was good. When I decided to write new chapters in my life in the world of College Academia, I entered a realm that was anything but familiar to me. Constant battles and trials uncivilised day and night for each month of my freshman year became known as Hades Gauntlet. The first challenge I faced was dealing with the seeds of federation and betrayal. I was the leader in my churchs youth meeting for a few years, where I led my friends into a positive direction of recreation and prosperity. Around the same condemnation I started my college journeys, I was at my finest hour. I saw success, happiness, and admiration of many people around me. But what I didnt see was the hidden jealousy and hatred a few people had towards me and storms over the horizon. I found myself in a dispute with a animate being in sheeps clothing, and because his significant other at the time is the daughter of the head o f the youth group, he decided it was best to banish me from the youth group and strip away my duties and sources of accomplishment and hope. He then handed over my reigns to his daughter, who treated me as harshly as the executioner to the prisoner. To add to it, he persuaded the senior(a) Pastor to prevent me from being in any leadership positions, in an effort to encourage/force me to leave the church completely. He also did this, because he, for some reason, resented my father, who decided to leave my church one month before I started my college life. What did I do to deserve this? Suddenly, the skies turned black, and this was a direct reflection of the perturb I experienced. A perfectly good ministry turned into the vultures nest, then into a mockery of what was true and what was right. I felt that every time I walked into the same church Ive been in my whole life, I now entered enemy lines. Each second the vipers gazed their eyes upon me, I could feel their sulfuro us strikes invading my heart, filling it with poison. I was no longer home, and my church became a prison to me, where I was fed to the mob and the Triad of Traitors.

Minimum Wage in the United States Essay

A natural depressioner limit take is the lowest hourly, daily, or periodic prosecute that employers whitethorn legally pay to employees or ploughers. The debate over borderline charter in the United States has been ongoing for over 100 years. It is a hot topic in labor, human interest, and especially in economics. Is the marginal net income too low? Is it too high? Should we have one at all? Does having a negligible legal wage help those who it is intended to help, or does it actually make them worse off? Theses questions ar asked on a daily basis by interested parties.While there may not be one definitive correct answer, there are stimulate rail lines on both sides of the issue, and those who re afford their side are passionate about their opinions. This is one of a few loving topics about which people are for the most part not indifferent. Much of the adult manoeuvreforce in the United States has worked a token(prenominal) wage job at some point in their career, s o we can easily relate to the challenges that face todays minimum wage workers.This paper is not intended to solve the debate over minimum wage, nor will it attempt to persuade the reader in one direction or the other regarding what should be done concerning minimum wage. The pages that follow will present a brief history of the minimum wage debate in the United States, and then present some of the arguments offered by both sides of the debate. A apprize History of Minimum betroth Although New Zealand was the prototypical country to formally enact minimum wage legislation in 1896,i the United States was one of the first major industrialized nations to set a national wage floor for their workers.For decades during the industrial revolution, workers in the United States endured work environments that consisted of long hours, dangerous working conditions, and low wages. Small movements to develop a national minimum wage by labor unions and activist groups were met with predictable r esistance from business people, and supremely struck waste by the U. S. Supreme Court. ii Finally, in 1938 President Roosevelt and Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act. This act was intended to alleviate some of the poor working conditions that mostly women and preteen children were subject to.Additionally, this act imposed a federally mandated minimum wage of $0. 25 per hour, with some exceptions. iii There have been subsequent pieces of legislation that continue to comprehend and improve workers properlys since that time, focusing more on choice of life issues or else than eliminating abuses by employers. Additionally, individual states now have the right to enact their own minimum wage, so long as it is no lower than the federally mandated minimum wage. Since 1938, the national minimum wage has been raised 21 times, most recently in 2009, and is incumbently $7. 25 per hour.Today, more than 90% of countries in the world have some sort of wage floor for their work f orce. iv The Case for Minimum Wage Those in favor of a minimum wage argue that it increases the standard of life of workers and reduces impoverishment. v Those workers that are paid minimum wage are unskilled laborers, peradventure first entering the job market. Without any marketable skills, the worker needs some protection that they will be paid a fair range that will enable them to be self-sufficient until such time that they have studyed a skill or trade that will allow them to work their way up from the low wage jobs.Without a minimum wage, employers would have significantly more market power than the workers a monopsony and that could result in the intentional collusion between employers regarding the wage they will offer. vi Absent this protection, workers would be forced to accept the artificially low wages, resulting in a very low quality of life. Additionally, the argument can be made that paying a livable minimum wage incentivizes workers to not only frig around a job, but to work warm to keep that job.When minimum wages are significantly greater than payments received with a social welfare system, people are rewarded for their hard work. If a person could receive an amount close to what they would earn at minimum wage through the welfare system, what motivation would they have to work the minimum wage job? In contrast, if workers are paid an amount that is considerably more, they will find and keep work. This serves another purpose, to decrease the cost of government administered social welfare programs by getting people off of welfare and onto payrolls.Another common argument made by those in favor of the minimum wage is that it actually helps to stimulate spending, improving overall economic conditions. vii The theory behind this argument is that low wage earners typically spend everything they make. Whether on necessities or luxury items, minimum wage earners are likely to spend their entire paycheck. If there were an increase in the minimum wage, the people who would receive the pay increase would crook around and spend their new money. This would help to bandaging the costs of the increased wages as many businesses would see an almost immediate return through increased sales.While this argument seems to make sense, it must be clarified that no empirical evidence to support this claim could be found. Another argument made is that an increase in minimum wage helps to improve the work ethic of those who receive the increase. The implication is that if their employer is forced to give them a raise, they will be compelled to work harder to improve their efficiency and increase their productiveness in return. Again, there is no evidence to either support or refute this claim, and opinions run unfluctuating regarding this argument.Perhaps the most basic and most often made argument in support of a national minimum wage law is that it is scarce the correct thing to do, morally speaking. The idea that we should wa nt to take care of each other and make sure that everyone made a comfortable wage is one of the most basic tenets of the philosophy of those who support it. Arguments against Minimum Wage Laws On the other side of the argument are those who are opposed to increase the minimum wage, as well as some who think it should be abolished altogether.Many businesspeople and economists are on this side of the debate, and they present some sensibly compelling arguments. They argue that imposing an increase on the federally mandated minimum wage actually will do more economic harm than good. viii The pregnant argument deals with the elasticity of demand regarding employment. A minimum wage increase actually reduces the quantity demanded of workers, either through a reduction in the soma of hours worked by individuals, or through a reduction in the hail of jobs. ix Simply put, employers are likely not going to increase their salary budget, so if the hourly wages increase, then they must redu ce the number of hours of work that they are paying for. This could result in the exact opposite furbish up of that which is intended. Those earning the minimum wage and are facing reduced hours or even being let go will find themselves much worse off as a result of an increase than leaving it at its current rate. Additionally, often the way out of earning minimum wage is through skills learned through those minimum wage jobs.If there are fewer of these jobs as a result of the wage being higher, fewer people will be able to learn the skills needed to move up on a career path and break the cycle of poverty. Secondly, if employers are unwilling or unable to reduce the number of hours they pay their employees, they will simply attempt to make up the increased salary expense through increased prices. On a small scale, this may not have a large impact on the overall economy. When this is done on a large scale because many employers need to cover their increased costs, this is likely to lead to inflation. xHigher salaries necessitate higher prices which will erode most if not all of the benefits of the increase in pay. The minimum wage workers will have the same buying power as before, but because of unnecessary inflation, the lower middle class will actually face the biggest impact because their wages will not have increased but their purchasing power will also have eroded. Another area that may be impacted by a mandated wage increase is training. As most workers who earn the minimum wage typically have little education and training, their biggest go on to work their way into a higher paying job is through on the job training.One part of an employers budget that could face cuts would be for providing training to employees. Often employers provide training to their employees that would help them advance in their career, but may not be completely necessary in their current position. Unnecessary expenses such as this will most likely be trimmed, resulting in fewer o pportunities for the working poor. xi Perhaps the simplest argument is if a minimum wage worker is producing $4. 00 per hour worth of product, and then the federal minimum wage is raised to $5. 0, the employer must find a way to increase the workers marginal productivity or face operating loses due to underproductive employees. One final thought from opponents is that once all of the aforementioned arguments are considered, there are more legal ways of helping address the issue of poverty. The Earned Income Tax Credit is pointed to as a strong example of one of the more effective ideas, rather than putting the burden of poverty on employers, it is shifted to the government. xii Empirical DataWhen considering both sides of this debate, it is important to realize who are the workers earning minimum wage, and what role they have in providing for their families. Of the 1. 9 million workers in the United States who were paid the minimum wage in 2005 (most recent information available), more than one half (53%) are between the ages of 16-24. These workers are most likely high school and college students, and most of them do not work a full time schedule. Two thirds are members of families who have a combined income of at least 2 or more times the official poverty level based on their family size.Less than 17 per centum are the only wage earners in their families, and less than 6 percent are poor single mothers. xiii What does this information tell us? The most important thing is that an increase in the minimum wage would target a majority of people who may not be living in poverty and are otherwise not in need of direct assistance. The far-reaching effects of raising minimum wages across the board in order to get help to the approximately 22 percent of earners who are truly living in poverty seems to be at the least ineffective, and at worst it could epresent a terrible misstep in economic policy. It is difficult if not impossible to identify the jobs lost because of minimum wage, but it is very easy to identify the spare income for a minimum wage worker. This is often the first retort from minimum wage advocates in response to arguments made by the other side. Alison Wellingtons research found that a 10% increase in the minimum wage resulted in a 0. 6% decrease in teenage employment, with no effect on unemployment rates. xiv A study along the same lines by David Neumark and William Washer in 2008 found contrasting results.They concluded that minimum wage resulted in a reduction in employment opportunities for low skilled workers, it was most harmful to poverty-stricken families, and that it lowers the adult wages of young workers by reducing their ultimate level of education. xv There are countless studies on both sides of the issue, and each one only solidifies each side in their existing opinion. No takings what position one takes regarding the minimum wage debate, there are a multitude of studies available to support it.The seemingly o bvious fact is that these small increases that are enacted every few years are never enough to truly make a difference in bringing a person or a family out of poverty. A fifty cent increase in the minimum wage results in about $20 more per week for a full time worker. In my estimation, it is quite unlikely that small amount is making the difference in a person or a family living in poverty and living comfortably. A study of PhD members of the American Economic Association found that 46. % of respondents wanted minimum wage completely eliminated while 37. 7% want the minimum wage increased. xvi Such division among even the most expert economists shows exactly how contentious this issue is, and that there is no black and white, right or wrong answer to solve the debate. Perhaps as time goes on and there is more historical data to review, there may be a more definitive answer regarding this debate. Until such time, both sides will most likely remain entrenched in their current position .

Ike Wister Turner

Ike Wister Turner came into this world on November 5, 1931. He was an American musician, bandleader, songwriter, arranger, talent scout, and record producer. In a career that lasted more than half a century, his repertoire included blues, soul, rock, and funk. He is most popularly known for his 1960s work with his then wife Tina Turner in the Ike & Tina Turner revue. As a adolescent in high school he led his own music group, the Kings of Rhythm. He employed the group as his backing band for the rest of his life.His set-back recording, Rocket 88 with the Kings of Rhythm credited as Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats, in 1951, is considered a possible contender for firstly rock and roll song. Relocating to St. Louis, Missouri in 1954, he built the Kings into one of the most renowned acts on the local club circuit. It was there he met singer Anna Mae Bullock, whom he married and renamed Tina Turner, forming the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which everywhere the course of the sixties beca me a soul/rock crossover success.Throughout his career Turner won two Grammy Awards and was nominated for three others. Alongside his designer wife, Turner was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991 and in 2001 was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Allegations by Tina Turner in her autobiography of her abusive relationship with Turner and the picture show adaptation of this coupled with his cocaine addiction damaged Turners career in the 1980s and 1990s. He claims to have fagged more than $100,000 on coke in a two-month period in 1989 .Addicted to cocaine and crack for at least 15 years, I was on a 15-year party, he says. This hole in my nose was so bad that when I would go to sleep, it would be hurtin so much that I would be tryin to get my hand up behind my eyeballs Pain. The first thing Id want to do when I got up was get cocaine and put it in my nose. That would deaden the pain. Turner was convicted of drug offenses, serving seventeen months in prison b etween July 1989 and 1991. He spent the rest of the 1990s free of his addiction.Near the end of his life, he returned to live performance as a wait man and produced two albums returning to his blues roots, which were critically well received and award-winning. Turner has frequently been referred to as a great innovator of Rock and Roll by contemporaries such as Little Richard and Johnny Otis. Phil Alexander (then editor-in-chief of Mojo magazine) described Turner as the cornerstone of modern day rock n roll. He spent the 1990s free of his addiction, but relapsed in 2004. Ike Turner was found dead of an accidental cocaine over dead on December 12 2007 at his home in San Marcos in San Diego County.

Foxconn Case Study

Vietnam Value system chosen proceeding Disease In Education 1. In any country, breeding plays a very important role to promote the development of all economics and participation. However, with methods of education for so farsighted which do not fit the requirements of the new era, Vietnam education is producing passive people who is good at theory besides bad at practice. Students and change surface teachers straightaway atomic number 18 always under a great deal of pres authoritative from the so-called Achievement ease.Vietnamese obsession of having any font of achievement creates a negative rig in education. While students are having pressure of getting good grades In order to fulfill their parents will, teachers to a fault have to make sure all of their students receive good marks to meet the schools decided achievement. This might sound obvious, however there are students who are good at math but not good In science, who loves call for and who dont. As a result, acade mic dishonesty Like cheating exam Is likely to be buy the farm frequently these days.My attempt In this paper s to contribute my voice to acknowledge and make people understand more ab let on this fact in education in Vietnam as well as giving suggestion to eliminate this attitude. 2. The description of Achievement Disease Achievement simply is an accomplishment in whatever goals youve set for yourself, not necessarily earning a lot of money. Achievement is doing what you want to do within the bounds of the law. It Is the pursuit of dreams. It is liberty from the chains of alarm and unbelief.It Is recognition of what makes you unique and what you have to offer others. It Is the materialization, the substance, and the tangibly of a dream fulfilled. Thus, we can understand that Achievement Disease in education is a type of sickness which people try seeking to pursues achievements at any cost even with doing dishonesty or unethical behavior. Regarding the above explanation, takin g efforts to pursue achievements of an soulfulness or a group is a good moral character. It should be commend and encourage to any people.Just imagine a country in which every member takes efforts to achieve higher(prenominal) performance on the fields of activities sports, arts, education, manufacturing, trade, technology and so on for his/her on sake and for the whole community. The country Is certainly besotted and prosperous In Its economy as well as society. However, when these efforts to achieve a good and necessary qualities of each which causes the system to be corrupted. To simplify the definition of this term, lets just think of the basic differences between original achievements with Achievement Disease is the different between genuine goods and counterfeiting goods.And the key factor that makes the difference is the existed or non-existed of onsets. 3. consort to Murray (1938), he considered that necessity for achievements as one of the basic human needs. 4. Degree Appreciation is a serious issue in Vietnam Society nowadays. In fact, the psychological science of degree appreciation is essential and remains harmless if it goes with a proper certification mechanism, which reflects ones capability through the degree. Japan is considered to be the most succeeded country in pursuing degree appreciation. Here, the employee assessment relies heavily on their degree which trigger a strong competition in the society.People are urging to receive alluvial degrees to ensure their premise for success. However, this is a totally different story in Vietnam. In a lot of cases, the degrees are not associated with actual capacity of the owners. In Vietnam, most people think that the best way to pursue successful in life is to stimulate good university degree. This seems to be a huge point creates by parents and the society, which forces the children to try their best to fulfill their parents. Unfortunately, many young people who do not pass this pressure fell into fear and depression feeling, even leads to suicide.It is a painful truth seeing many students duty 12 hours a day, 7 days a week for the periodical achievements which are mostly useless in the future. Currently, every Vietnamese family and person has a desire that they themselves or family members could achieve a university degree. This is actually one type of achievement disease which leads to the fact of redundant in teachers but shortage in workers and the more dangerous disease of actual degree but simulated man. In a society where people only appreciate educational degree but underestimate the real ability of individuals may leads to severe consequences on the societyIn Vietnam, we could easily find information regarding the evils of degree buying, point selling, academic degree selling, etc. Due to the fact that high positions always go along with wagerer degree, in many cases a person is promoted in a higher position but he doesnt meet the position degree criteria. As a result, he must buy a good degree to fulfill the promotion requirements or to keep the existing position. in that locationfore in Vietnamese lyric poem we have a phrase called Paper P. H. D or Paper Master that implies people who use their money to buy fake certificates or degrees.Not until tardily does the story about the fake degrees and certificates appears, it has been existed for many years since the beginning of Doi Mom policy. People always desire to have a position in the society. However at old(a) age, exhausted intelligence, most people do not have enough time to study properly to obtain Due to the degree appreciation that has been rooted in most family, from kindergarten period till high school, parents always try to have their children study in minded(p) schools and selected classes or extra study so that their children could be bled to pass universities entrance examinations.As a result, some of so-called granted school is always overloaded and ran out of vacanc y. However, in order to send their children to those schools and arrange at the best class, parents are often willing to bribe teachers. However, we cannot blame the parents because they are just the victims of the degree requirements society. The situation is that those who have more degrees or higher qualifiers will be preferable than those have less. They do not test the real capability of the individuals but earlier seeing if the individual acts all the degree criteria or not.One other impact of Achievement Disease is that young people nowadays tends to choose the major which stand by them obtain money and promotion after graduation or easy to study. At the same time, they turn their back on the society and humanity major, gardening It is said that the reason why young people turn their back on the social sciences and humanities is the bad impression from the high school education. There is an implicit distinction between main and minor subjects. Math, physics, chemistry, for eign languages are always carefully taught by the teachers.Meanwhile, other subjects such as literature, history, geography seems to be taught briefly since teachers do not really care about what student acquired during the course. On the other hand, many students consider not taking priority encyclopaedism social subjects since they find it harder to find Job and receive low payment. A lot of students say that the graduate from social sciences could only find Job in government companies where they have to work within the framework like a robot rather than creation.Other reason is that the massive expansion of banking and business companies rates a lot of Job opportunities with high salaries attracts many students and so that most of them choose economic majors. As a chain effect, students always choose economics to study as a secure decision and ignore their true passion and hobby. Also, since in Vietnam society students of economics are likely to be more appreciated and respected rather than study social science or humanity. The Achievement Disease also appears to be happened at school.For example, in most schools, the most concerns are how to help the student study well and the ratio of graduated students. At the beginning of each year, most schools have to assign a goal scope towards the ratio of graduate student. If at the end school doesnt make its own criteria, it will hurt its reputation which might result in fewer investments from higher levels. As the solution, in a lot of schools, teachers are assigned to change the students score in order to meet the schools standard. This creates a significantly negative effect to the education sector and causes it to be more and more corrupted. , Remedies to this situation should be a coordination and agreement between every management levels to repose a equal solution. Examination and quality evaluation must be implemented seriously. The education sector needs to have a long term strategy for the extremist s olution, synchronize but not hasty and impatient. We have to stay consistency to our goal but the methods have to be very flexible and capable of changes when needed. Currently, we need to strengthen the inspection of examination, giving strictly sanctions to the individual or group of people who deliberately try to violate the rules.On the mean time government should nidus ore on providing extra education to teachers so that they can cope up with model teaching methods, increasing investment in infrastructures and facilities to schools. Once the quality of education is fundamentally improved, Achievement Disease will eventually be eliminated. At the same time, we have to promote, encourages motivate teachers and education managers striving to overcome the outdated, inertia of the old education systems. This will be a long process of striven for education sector in particular and society as a whole.In addition, we should prevent the phenomenon of achieving delusive goals, ratio wh ich causes students as well as schools to dishonestly produce a fake result in study. Meanwhile, all upper levels agencies should not put Achievement pressure on an area which has low-graduate rates but rather confront other real result, analyses to find out the main causes as well as delivering proper solutions to the situation. At the same time. Reforming the student assessment methods, since the current system measures success on the basis of completion of a particular grade but fails to measure students capacity.More appropriate assessment methods could identify a childs problems in a timely manner allowing for pragmatic adjustment. As we have already discussed, obsession of obtaining degrees and qualifications is also a main cause of Academic Achievement Disease. Therefore, companies should not only based on ones qualifications but also evaluate carefully ones real capability through giving tasks and observe the final results. In order to accomplish this, in all industry, indiv idual capability assessment needs to be changed so that there will be no more Paper P. HP or Paper Master and so on.

Ms. Valerie H Scott

Leader as Communicator August 24, 2014 While reflecting on my life experiences and how they have shaped or influenced my behaviors and attitudes, I must refer back to the life experiences of Howard Schultz, because ironically we share the same values that were a result of our similar life experiences. My father died when I was 11 months old soon to turn a year, therefore, I was raised by my mother, who chose never to remarry out of concern for re two young daughters me and my sister, Peggy, who is six years older than I.We have an older sister who had long be married and raising her own family. My mother is a single uninstructed parent raising two girls alone doing the best that she could to make ends meet. She did domestic work in an orphanage home for years and later landed a Job in the dietary department of a local Nursing Home in our hometown as a cook. Needless to say, the monies that my mother earned were minimal and as a result we were always struggling financially. There was hardly enough money for the bare necessities such as food and the other raw material needs that are required for daily survival.Always feeling put down because I had less than other children who I thought had it all, I became determined in my heart that if I was ever given an opportunity to make a difference in the world, that I would become a nurturer of humanity. I believe powerfully in humanity and human relations and that every person should be treated with dignity and respect and I have diligently remained trustworthy to this center of attention value that I have held in my heart for years. It is a guiding force in my life along with my relationship with Christ.Like Howard Schultz, I adopted the of never leaving anyone behind which has become a motivating factor in the way that I purpose to treat every person that crosses my past in my Journey on this earth. I am compelled to help people see their value through the eyes of God and to embrace this reality as their true id entity. According to Terry Pearce in Leading Out Loud, there is a rare group of people that are willing and able to communicate with others victimisation the raw eternal of their own conviction. Clearly, these leaders were courageous enough to communicate authentically from the basis of their real values, whether they were giving speeches, advocating a cause, writing memos, or conversing conversationally (p. 18). He further adds in his article, Communicate from the Inside Out, Discovering what matters is the first and most critical piece of leadership development. According to Pearce by have an understanding of formation moments in ones life facilitates an understanding of the values and experiences makes them care about their performance and the performance of the people they lead.

Fayol’s Principles Of Management In Mcdonalds Essay

How Far Henri Fayols Principle Of focus Is Relevant With Contemporary Public Administration stepped down as director, he published his 14 Principles of forethought in the book Administration Industrielle et Generale. Fayol also created a list of the six PremiumPrinciples Of directionaspects of Egyptian life were highly organized. There were much inefficiency, Principles of Management MGT503 VU Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 2 PremiumPrinciples Of Managementof corporate governance, many of whom are now very actual and applicable. FAYOLS PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT First authority and function are linked PremiumPrinciples Of Managementnew ideas, imagination and visions to the managers and the organisation. . Guide to research. Fayols linguistic rules of Management. . Division of work . Authority PremiumPrinciples Of Managementfor any job, he should also have the concerned authority. Fayols principleof management in this regard is that an efficient manager makes best possib le use of his PremiumPrinciples Of Managementcourse presents the principles of management, emphasizing managerial functions and behavioural concepts and its practical applications in the organsation. Goals PremiumPrinciples Of Managementfor any job, he should also have the concerned authority. Fayols principle of management in this regard is that an efficient manager makes best possible use of his

Animal Farm As Animal Satire

This study aims to determine that George Orwell s Animal Farm is a political satire which was written to criticise totalitarian regimes and particularly Stalin s practices in Russia. In order to provide background knowledge that would reveal causes led Orwell to write Animal Farm, Chapter one is give to a brief summary of the progress of author s life and significant scourts that had impact on his political convictions.Chapter one also presents background information closely Animal Farm. Chapter two is devoted to satire. In this chapter, definition of satire is presented and some important characteristics of satire are discussed. In chapter three, the method of this research is described. nether the light of information presented in the previous chapters, Chapter four discusses Animal Farm and focuses on the book as a political satire. The last chapter presents the conclusion of this study.I would first like to express my sincere thanks to my thesis supervisor, Assoc.Prof. Dr. J ashua M. Bear for his help and freedom he gave me in this study. Without his understanding this thesis would never pee-pee been completed.I also wish to thank my sister Fidan Korkut for her suggestions in the planning stage of this study and her all overthrowurance during my long study days at home.My special(prenominal) thanks go to +zg r Ceylan, who constantly granted me her moral support. She was always there when I needed her.PresentationThis chapter introduces general information about George Orwell s life. It includes chronological progress of his life and his political convictions. Furthermore, important events, such as The Russian Revolution and The Spanish Civil contend which had significant influence on his commitment to write Animal Farm will be discussed. Lastly, general information about Animal Farm will be given.His LifeThe British author George Orwell, write name of Eric Arthur Blair, was born in Motihari, India, June 25, 1903. His father was an important Britis h civil servant in India, which was then part of the British Empire. A few years after Eric was born, he retired on a low pension and moved back to England. Though their income was not much enough, the Blair family sent their tidings away to boarding school which was an exclusive preparatory school, to prepare him for Eton Collage. Eric then won a scholarship to Eton Collage. During his education from the age of eight to eighteen, as he wrote in his essay about his school experiences titled Such, Such Were the Joys, he experienced m any(prenominal) things about the world where the prime necessities were money, titled relatives, athleticism, tailor-made uniform, inequality, oppression and class distinctions in the schools of England (In Ball,1984).After the education at Eton College in England, Eric joined the Indian Imperial Police in British-Ruled Burma in 1922. There he witnessed oppression again, but this time he was looking at things from the top. Having served five years in B urma, he resigned in 1927 and turned back to Europe and lived in Paris for more than a year. Though he wrote novels and short stories he found nobody to get them published. He worked as a tutor and even as a dishwasher in Paris. During his poor days in Paris, he once more experienced the problems of the oppressed, the helpless and lower class pot.In 1933, After having many experiences about the life at the bottom of society, he wrote Down and Out in Paris and London and published it under his pen name George Orwell. After a year in 1934 he published his novel Burmese Days, which he reflected his experiences there. Then, he published A Clergyman s Daughter in 1935, and Keep the Aspidistra Flying in 1936.In 1936, his publisher wanted Orwell to go to the English coal-mining sphere and write about it which was another(prenominal) important experience in his life. He wrote The Road to Wigan Pier to reflect what he saw there, the real poverty of people of the Lancashire Town of Wigan , and published it in 1937 (Ball, 1984).1937 was the year that Orwell who for some time had been describing himself as pro- left (BALL, 1984) joined the Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War. When the Communists attempted to eliminate their allies on the far left, he fought against them and was injure in the fighting, after was forced to flee for his life. His experience in this war was to have the most significant impact on his political thoughts and his later works.In 1938, Orwell wrote Homage to Catalonia, which recounts his experiences fighting for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. One of his best-known books reflecting his lifelong distrust of dictatorial government, whether of the left or right, Animal Farm, a modern beast-fable attacking Russian Revolution, Stalinism and authoritarianism, was published in 1945, and Nineteen Eighty-Four, a dystopian novel setting forth his fears of an intrusively bureaucratised state of the future was published in 1949. His firs t fame was brought by these two novels and they were the only ones which made a profit for him as a writer (Ball,1984).Orwell died at the early age of forty-seven of a neglected lung ailment in London, Jan. 21, 1950.His Time Political BackgroundIn his essay Why I pull through, Orwell (1947) saysI do not think one can assess a writer s motives without knowing something of his early development. His subject matter will be determined by the age he lives in at least this is true in tumultuous, renewingary ages like our own Taking Orwell s his own words into consideration, in order to get a better understanding of his works and particularly of his political satire Animal Farm, we should look at his political convictions, and the historical mise en scene which influenced Orwell and inspired him to write. Very few authors develop essays explaining the motivation behind their writing. Orwell was of one them. Therefore in order to understand his motivations, his essay Why I Write would be the most appropriate source to be looked at.Orwell was a political writer and according to him he was forced to be a writer by the circumstances under which he has become aware of his political loyalties. His Burma and Paris days increased his natural hatred of authority and made him aware of the cosmea of the working classes.(Orwell, 1947)As mentioned above, he described himself as pro-Socialist. What he was longing for was a society in which there would be no class distinctions, and he named his ideal ideology democratic socialism. He says every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism (Orwell, 1947)There are two significant events that have keen influence on Orwell s political thoughts The Russian revolution that took repoint in the second decade of 20th century and The Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939.The Russian RevolutionBolshevik Revolution of October 1917 was the firs t great revolution which aimed at to overthrow the owners of the performer of production, that is Capitalist Bourgeoisie, and to establish a state to be ruled by the working class, the Proletariat. Ideological basis of the revolution was taken from the philosophy of Karl Marx and Frederick Angels who believed that the history of the world was the history of a struggle between classes- between ruling classes and ruled classes (Han erlio lu, 1976). Marx was very critical of industrial capitalist society in which there are many cruel injustices and men are exploited by men.Out of his analysis of Capitalist system, he bring home the bacon a vision of ending these injustices and establishing a society in which there would be no social classes and everybody would be equal. To him, in order to achieve this end the only way was a revolution made by the working class or the Proletariat against the Bourgeoisie. After revolution working classes would own the means of production. Marx called the new order that would be set after revolution dictatorship of the Proletariat which eventually replaced with a classless society (Han erlio lu, 1976).In October 1917, V.I. Lenin, led the socialist (Bolshevik) revolution in Russia. After the revolution was a four-year bloody civil war. During this war Red Army of the revolution organised and headed by Leon Trotsky had to fight against both(prenominal) Russians who were loyal to Czar and foreign troops (The Academic American Encyclopaedia, 1995).After Lenin died in 1924, a struggle between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky started for the leadership of the Communist Party. Stalin gained priority over Trotsky and in 1925 Trotsky with several other members ousted from Politburo (the chief executive and political committee of the Communist Party) in 1927 Trotsky and his followers expelled from Party Stalin took the control. Later Trotsky was exiled and in 1929 he was deported. In 1940 he was assassinated. During this period, Stalin alw ays denounced Trotsky as a traitor (Ball, 1929).In the following years, Russia witnessed that Stalin started to take all power only in his hands. In 1930 s, many people were arrested. After public trials most of the opposing elements were eliminated.Stalin has been accused of being a very cruel dictator. However, Nikita Khrushchev, who ruled USSR between 1958-1964 and who was very critical of Stalin s crimes and non-human practices utter in 1956 thatStalin believed that all his practices was necessary in order to defend the benefits of labourers. He looked at these practices from the view point of the benefit of socialism and labourers. Thus, we cannot define his practices as of a giddy cruel despot. Here, it is the all tragedy (Han erlio lu, 1979).The Spanish Civil WarIn 1936, widely distributed Francisco Franco led a military coup in Spain, plunging the country into civil war. Franklin Rosemont in his article Spanish revolution of 1936 defines the beginning of the revolution as followsWhen Franco s fascist troops invaded Spain in July 1936 with the purpose of overthrowing the young and top-heavy Republic, the Spanish working class responded by making a revolution that went much further toward realising the classless and stateless ideal of proletarian socialism than any preceding popular revolt. Spontaneously and almost overnight, workers seized factories and other workplaces land was collectivised workers militias were formed throughout the country the church age-old enemy of all blue-collar radicalism and indeed, openly profascist was dismantled, and its property confiscated established political institutions disintegrated or were taken over by workers committees (Rosemont, 1988).Yet, between 1936 and 1939 the military rising originating in Morocco, headed by General Francisco Franco, spreads quick all over the country, After a number of bloody battles in which fortunes changed from one side to the other. Finally, Nationalist forces occupied the capita l, Madrid, on March 28, 1939, and on April 1, General Franco officially ended the war (The Academic American Encyclopaedia).Orwell And The Spanish Civil WarDavid Ball (1984) points out three experiences in the Spanish Civil War that were important for Orwell atmosphere of Comradeship and respect, what happened to his fellow fighters and what happened when he returned to England and reported what he had seen.After spending very poor days in Paris, Orwell went to Spain to fight for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. When he arrived Barcelona, he found an elating atmosphere of Comradeship and respect. People were friendly and addressing each other comrade. To Orwell, relations in the militia group he joined were the same and this made him feel that socialism was in action there.But later on, he was disappointed by what happened to his arm friends who were imprisoned and killed by their own comrades who were of Communist-dominated elements of the Republican government that they were fighting for. Communists believed that the communist ideas were betrayed by the militia group that Orwell belonged to. After he was wounded Orwell went back to England for remedy and was saved from being killed by his comrades.When he returned England he reported what he witnessed in the war, but Socialists strongly resisted to understand what he told about the practices of communists in Spain. The reason was that it was not the right time to publicise all these things while the war was going on and this information would harm Republican s position in the war. After this bad experience, he started to be more critical of British socialists and of communism. He wrote in his article The Spanish war and other events in 1936-37 turned the scale and thereafter I knew where I stood. (Orwell, 1947)

Psychology and Foot-in-the-door Tactic

1. Describe how differences amidst high vs. low self-monitoring could influence for each one of the five stages of information processing when a tar grasp is universe presented with the foot-in-the-door tactic of interpersonal influence. That is, for each separate stage, analyze what might be different in the way high self monitors make smell out of this incidental request technique in contrast to low self monitors. Each stage has differences between high and low self monitors therefore foc exploitation on each stage pass on allow the contrasts between the two.A high self monitor tends to read the social situation first and consequently present an grant face, as opposed to simply presenting a consistent image of self in every situation. A low self monitor be rushs in congruity with an image of his true self. In the focusing stage, a high-self monitor is oft than seeming issue to focus in detail and assess the situation more thoroughly than a low-self monitor.Thinking mo re thoroughly exit help the foot-in-the-door tactic because if its a well-thought out request a person is more than apparent sacking to accept. The foot-in-the-door tactic is when a person agrees to a small request, which normally allows you to be better able to get them to agree to a later, larger request. In the storage stage, a high-self monitor is going to get in depth on the reasoning for why the situation is relevant and make more sense of the situation than a low-self monitor.By going in depth on the reasoning for why the situation is relevant and know why it makes sense, will help when using the foot-in-the-door tactic because you know exactly what youre talking about which makes it easier for someone to deliberate you. During the integration and interference stage a high-self monitor is going to be able to assess the situation and assemble it in his/her mind whereas a low-self monitor might not be able to do that because they dont like salmagundi at all.Drawing inferen ces and weighing of things that usually arent thought of might be hard for a low-self monitor because they tend to be bingle minded and stubborn on their opinions and thoughts. Using the foot-in-the-door tactic is going to be easier for a high-self monitor to use since a low-self monitor doesnt have the will to change or think differently about certain things, which is going to make it harder to get someone else to agree with you if youre stubborn and single minded.For the pick stage, it is going to be easier for a low-self monitor to label things because a high-self monitor is going to be worried about what other people are going to think about his/her labeling. A low-self monitor cant put on different faces, or social identities, for different situations theyre opinion is ever their opinion and no one is going to change that, which might be hard when using the foot-in-the-door tactic.If someone doesnt agree with you then they arent going to accept your request. Finally for th e implementation stage, a high-self monitor is going be able to act upon it and relate the situation to other things easier than a low-self monitor because a high-self monitor is highly sensitive to external cues and can act differently in different situations, which will help when trying to figure out how something relates to other things.By using the foot-in-the-door tactic, a high-self monitor is going to be better at getting someone to accept their response because there are more limber in adapting their leadership styles to changing situations which is going to be useful when figuring out how to response or how to use things during this stage. 2. What role is played by self-schema in managing each of the interpersonal objectives when someone is dealing with the various stages of romanticist comparative dissolution (e. g. , trial rejuvenation)?That is, when a romance is falling apart, describe the consanguinity between partners self c at one agepts and their balancing of the separate issues they must simultaneously address when influencing and interacting with one some other. Imagine you and your partner have created a separate identity bigger then either one of you and full of each of you. Together you have created a comparative schema. A living, breathing entity owned by both parties until the dissolution of your romantic family relationship begins, occurs, and concludes. What happens when ours turns into mine?When were becomes Im? Maybe a girl looks around at lunch and sees a cute guy and starts to guess how things might be if they were in a romantic relationship. The possibility of the unknown versus what she already knows. Her boyfriend has no idea that water has just been added to his romantic relational gas tank. Breakups are never easy. Usually less then ten percent of college romantic relationships break up on mutual terms. So, typically, it is one person, usually the female, taking the lead, creating the influenced and the influencer.When the influencer, in this case lets say her name is Debra, changes her objective, the influenced, lets call him Bronson, has no choice but to be influenced. No one can change another persons goals or objectives without influence and since we know Bronson is the influenced his are being altered by the dissolution of their romantic relationship. When two partners begin to remind each other that they are separate individuals and they have other concerns besides their relationship (differentiating) that is the beginning of the end.While an individual remembers that they have other goals that require other objectives, his or her self-schema is besides changing. Differentiating will not only begin the dissolution process but will begin the initial steps of re-adaptation, for each individual, of self-schema. Throughout the dissolution of the relationship self-schema for each individual will be a product of the perception of the relationship, a sense of social sensitivity, and the objective s set to achieve each individuals overall goals. Self-schema, once realized and owned, will lead to new objectives.It will also be evolving constantly while the relationship continues to move toward a more self-schema ground relationship as opposed to a relational schema, as defined in the book. comparative objectives change as the relationship deteriorates and ones self-schema will lead the way through the relational objective challenges because once an individual has a self-schema his objectives change. Each individual will perceive the relationship in his or her own way and without self-disclosure, circumscribing begins (usually in one partner).Social sensitivity in the dissolution of a romantic relationship is widely publicized in mass media, so much so that its almost a script now. Once communication has been restricted in circumscribing, stagnation sets in quickly. During stagnation there is less inexpugnable-arm time fatigued together there might be room and cause to try for a hail marry. This might be a good place for the persist chance effort to save the relationship by taking part in a trial rejuvenation. Maybe a weekend alone to get back to whats important or just some along time to even out their relational keel is needed.But if the trials rejuvenation comes up abruptly and leaves both parties with a sour taste in their mouths then each persons self-schema becomes more defined and more important to each individual then the relational schema. Following the self-schemas strength relational objectives change and the identity objectives start to become clearer. These changes in self-schema and objectives lead to avoidance. Avoidance is probably the most difficult step in the dissolution of the relationship. Initial discussions about breaking up are dealt with simultaneously as being interested in others.Individuals go out of their way to specialize the amount of face-to-face interactions. The pain is too much for people to stand. Self-schema is holding strong but this is the most vulnerable point in ones self-schema. Both relational and instrumental objectives follow suit with self-schema but the identity objectives help to encourage the individual toward the final resolution. The final dissolution of the romantic relationship, that is not a physical or psychological departure, is termination.It usually consists of talk that prepares each individual for the end, otherwise known as the grave-dressing phase. Self-schema has developed into a single idea of self and the objectives an individual once held in such high regard while in a relationship are no longer in place. Relational objectives are more centered on family and friends and the time spent with each. Although there is no way to tell how long it will take to develop a pure self-schema that will not include a former partner we do know when the process began the process began when ours became mine. . To what extent does a savants level of psychological reactance to a profs attempt to change their behavior depend on (a) the pupils perceptions of the professors level of interpersonal condition and (b) whether the school-age child has a relatively high- or relatively low-level of cognitive complexity in the interpersonal domain? That is, how much does this type of mental reaction depend on both the social power of the agent as well as the social experience of the stain?The psychological reactance to a professors attempt to change a schoolchilds behavior depends greatly on the cognitive complexity of the assimilator and interpersonal power of the professor. However, there will always be some degree of psychological reactance during the first class sessions. When the students and professors meet to create the acquirement surroundings they share certain expectations like the fact that teacher is the agent and the students are the targets. The standards of the environment vary greatly from student to student and the instructor.However, stude nts can expect to have instructor expectations laid out in the syllabus, home/class work, and tests. A professor can expect to have teaching skills, grading capabilities, and office time to provide to his students. The level of success the professor has depends on how much power he is perceived to have by the student. There are various powers that the professor could use to try to influence the student. The professor holds reward power in the form of grades. Coercive power can be used by the professor who gives pop quizzes, inspiring fear among his students.A professor has quick-witted power in the form of knowledge, thats why they are teaching and not the students. Referent power can be used through physical attractiveness. Finally, a professor can use legitimate power because he is a representative of the establishment. We believe the most successful powers a professor can use to influence a behavior change in a student are legitimate, expert and reward power. Reward power in the form of grades is something tangible the student has to have in order to graduate. If the student has to change their behavior to achieve the grade, it will happen.Expert power in the form of knowledge shared is what we pay to have access to as students. Why would a student pay thousands of dollars to go to college if they arent going to listen and learn from the professors? Legitimate power plays along the same lines as expert power. The university has given this professor power over the student, trusting the professor to teach the student enough to have an understanding of the subject. The relationship can be altered at whatsoever time throughout the course by either party in how they interpersonally communicate with each other.For example, if a student has only one class and lots of time to complete work or discuss things with the professor, they may perceive the professors course as beneficial and would have particular psychological reactance towards the instructor. On the fl ip side, if a student has multiple classes and little time to discuss things with the professor, they may perceive the class as pointless and may have more intense psychological reactance towards the instructor. However, the ideal outcomes of this shared learning experience re often diminished by the fact that either partys expected standards are not always met in real life due to other circumstances. Therefore, a students level of psychological reaction has as much to do with their cognitive complexity as it does with the professors interpersonal power. For things to be ideal there must be a balance or mutual understanding between student and professor. now a student with a relatively high level of cognitive complexity will be able to examine the situation and think of different possibilities.While a student probably wont think of the situation in theory form, they would think of it from the past experiences viewpoint. A high cognitive complexity student can use what they have lea rned in the past from similar experiences to decide how to react to the professor trying to change their behavior. Now this says nothing about the social power of the professor. A professor would have more experience than the student, but not necessarily in the form of attempting to change the behavior.This is where things such as the reputation of the professor comes in, as well as impressions the student has formed of the professor. A low cognitive complexity student though, wont think about the situation as much. They would probably remember a time or two from the past, but thats about it. The student will most likely go with the flow and either fall in with the professors wishes or be stubborn. If the professor has a strong sense of social power though, the student will probably fall in with his plan to change the behavior.The easier path is what will be more likely chosen by someone of low cognitive complexity because it is easier for such a person to follow the crowd then to d ecide what to do based on past experiences. This also means there will be less psychological reactance to the professor and what the professor is trying to encourage in the students behavior. Some students just expect to be let down or accept the fact they cant change anything. The system and/or the teaching methods used are insufficient to meet the learning goals of the student.They know there are rules and they know they are the student, but being in that chasten position is counter-productive to their lifestyles/goals (even though its socially expected to move on with life) and they may have increased psychological reactance towards the professor regardless of any circumstances. In such instances, reverse psychology can sometimes be a tool of influence. However, reverse psychology will work better for a low cognitive student compared to a high cognitive student.

A Woman To Her Lover Essay

Write a critical analysis of Christina Walshs poem A Woman to Her Lover. Comp be and contrast the poem with others you have studied in the unit. Christina Walsh, a female poet, wrote the poem A woman to her fill inr as a free verse. A free verse is a poem with an irregular stanza length, no rhyme scheme and no computer programme count. Writing it as a free verse reflects her point which is women is can change their attitude towards men. She skint all the rules of poetry, this sharpens that women do not have to be weak towards men, it does not have to be the corresponding as tradition, the man does not have to control the women, they can have equal love.Stanza one in Christina Walshs poem suggests slavery. She uses the word bond slave, which meaning a slave that does something without face anything. Christina Walsh uses an externalize of a war, as conqueror to the vanquished. As she is the defeated, then she is forced, which shows that they are enemies. She does not want to be have by any one, she refuses it, and O Lover I refuse you she also uses an exclamation mark that shows she is serious. Christina Walsh uses initial rhyme of the letter b throughout the whole poem. This is called a labial plosive. To bend, bond slave and to get are used in stanza one, this shows that she is angry and being very assertive. To bear your children, wearing out my intent uses caesura to balance the two ideas. She is saying that if she gives him children, it is equivalent to wearing out her life.She tells him O lover right later the caesura that makes the phrase very strong. It is emphasized. Stanza two in Christina Walshs poem suggests a very different idea. It shows that she does not want to be treated as an angel that never does any mistakes or to be worshiped as a goddess, no one is perfect and incomplete is she. Go I am no shuttlecock to dress and sit for feeble worship, this shows that she thinks it is pathetic to treats someone like they are perfect and that they are just there to pleaseyou.Throughout the stanza, Christina Walsh uses alliteration in the letter w, wed, word and wish, flightless and worship This gives a soft sound that reflects how the man sees the women. She then uses the word Go to show that what she is saying is straightforward, which again shows that she is against being loved for her beauty and perfection. She then calls him a fool and tells him again, Irefuse you. This shows that she is win over with her point and the repetition shows that she I against both(prenominal) points she has mentioned.Sonnet CXXX by William Shakespeare can be tie in with the second stanza of Christina Walshs poem. They both agree about the same idea. They both suggest that women should not be loved for her beauty. At the beginning of the sonnet, the reader starts to feel that Shakespeare hates the women. He says My mistress eyes are cipher like the sun, this shows that she is not good looking she is not graceful. However, he conclud es that even though she is not beautiful he loves her more than any beautiful girl has ever beenloved.The poem is a sonnet.This means it contains fourteen lines made up of three quatrains and a rhyming couplet at the end. Only in Shakespeares sonnets, the rhyming couplets conclude his point. It is also written in iambic pentameter. Shakespeare is against the idea of tradition and accomplished love he is against the idea that the man describes the women as if she is the most beautiful women on earth. He says that his love to his mistress is rare even though he does not describe her as beautiful. Describing her as beautiful would be false compare.The third stanza in A Woman to Her Lover Christina Walsh is assay to show us that she will not be a excite object that satisfies her husbands desires, and neither will any women of her time. She says not for you the hand of any wakened woman of our time. She uses the word wakened to show that this plan is not for any woman, it is for any aware and educated woman that knows her rights. Christina Walsh repeats the word Or in both stanza two and stanza three. This shows that she has a list of ideas that she will make her refuse a man.She also uses the word wight. This shows that if she accepts the face that a man wants to marry her tofu fill his desires then that is not any discontinue than animals.She says women of our time to show that this way of a relationship is old-fashioned and no one will accept, as now it is not the same as the olddays.The poem To his coy mistress shows a teenager that is trying to convince his girlfriend to have sex with him. The boy gives her a list of reasons why she should have sex with him now.

Three Shots and Indian Camp

Devin Westf any Professor Peter Faziani English 151 October 15, 2012 Hemingways Nick Adams third Shots and Indian Camp In Hemingways Nick Adams Three Shots and Indian Camp Nick goes through some(a) changes in his life. He goes from being scared that some sidereal day he must die to feeling rather sure that he will neer die. In the short romance Three Shots Nick, his contract, and his uncle are encamp and Nick remembers with shame how he had gotten scared thinking about how he would die one day when he was alone. His father and uncle go fishing after supper leaving Nick all alone at the camp site.He tried to lay still and go to sleep but he couldnt all he could think about is that someday he must die it started to make him feel sort of sick. Before they shoved the boat out his father told him that if any emergency came up while they were gone he was to fire three shots with the rifle and they would come right back. Nick ended up calling his father and uncle by firing three sho ts up in the air with the rifle his father had left him, this had make his uncle frustrated by thinking that Nick was a coward his father on the other hand more understands past his uncle.When his father and uncle return his father ask him what was it Nickie? He lies and tells his father that he had heard an living organism outside the tent he was too ashamed to tell his father the truth. In the short story Indian Camp Nick accompanies his father, who is a Doctor, and his uncle to an Indian camp, to help a young Indian women she had been stressful to give birth to her child for two days due to complications. Nicks father ends up having to perform a caesarian to recover the womens child. Oh, daddy, cant you give her something to make her stop screaming? Asked cut Nick becomes frightened by the womens screams and does not want to watch his father perform the mathematical process on the Indian women. Nicks father had been told that the plunders father had hurt himself in an ax calamity a few days before and he goes to take a look at him and finds that the babys father had actually killed himself by slitting his throat from one end to another.Nicks father tries to keep him from eyesight what had happened to the man but it was too late he had already seen what had happened. Nicks father feels awful for bringing him along and putting him through everything he had seen that day. As they are leaving the camp Nick and his father prove suicide and death. Why did he kill himself, daddy? Nicks father didnt know the answer to his wonder he told him he didnt know and that maybe it was because he couldnt stand things, Nick therefore asks is dying, hard daddy? His father tells him no its not and that he thinks its pretty easy, Nick then felt quite sure that he would never die. In conclusion Hemingways Nick Adams Three Shots and Indian Camp both change Nick throughout each story in diverse ways. He goes from being scared of dying someday to feeling quite sure tha t he would never die. In Three Shots it shows a conflict between nicks immaturity and his realization that all life finally come to an end. In Indian Camp it shows life and death, Nick is no longer afraid of death.

Explore the ways in which writers present strong feelings to interest the reader or audience

Various techniques are used by writers to present strong feelings which elevate emotion from the reviewer or earshot. Literary techniques are used in great lengths to both stress strong feelings in a literary piece and to also evoke strong feelings from an audience. The techniques embody language, grammatical construction and form. The experimentation of structure and poetic techniques used by writers create strong feelings within both the contemporary and present audience, ensuring audiences were and always will be interested in the literary piece.In the prologue of the play Romeo and Juliet the audience break that two dignified households in the city of Verona hold an ancient grudge towards each other, which remains a source of the violent conflict which is central to the play. It can be suggested that hatred has grown stronger over a long period of time. Similarly, the structure of the rime undermined traditional Elizabethan sonnets which were traditionally love poems. Shak espeares, however, changed this form to turn up hatred, violence, conflict and death to foreshadow the ending of Romeo and Juliet.An Elizabethan audience would overhear recognised this, creating a feeling of excitement and curiosity within them. Likewise in sonnet 43 Browning has also undermined the traditional form of a sonnet to create religious imagery to describe her lover. Brownings sonnet discusses and compares her strong feelings for her lover and as her description develops she illustrates that she loves him with the emotions of an entire life from childhood right through to death. I love thee with the breath, smiles, tears, of all my life And, if God choose, I shall love thee better after death. She worships her lover with all her heart and respects him much more than she does her religion. He touches all aspects of her life and gives meaning to her altogether existence. The audience would be shocked as during the Victorian era religion was paramount in the lives of th e people. However, it is non just love for one person that is described that the feeling of love itself. Similarly, as Romeo and Juliet flummox innocent victims of an atrocious strife between their families when they take their lives.Considerably, the poet evokes strong feelings towards the emotion of love when Browning is describing the vividness of religion and the link between death and love, as Shakespeare does when he links the idea of love and death in the prologue, allowing both the audience and the reader to openly hesitancy the content without profanity. In the play Romeo and Juliet segregate from society is a dominant feeling and a reoccurring theme. Romeo and Juliet go to extreme lengths to preserve their love together.They did this as according to Elizabethan society it was nor their Fate nor Destiny to ever be together. Therefore by choosing to be together consequences to them both do by society. Juliet was Romeos second love which is ironic and therefore mocks s ociety because Elizabethans believed in mickle and destiny and that you could only ever love one person. If you loved again you werent really in love or you previous relationship wasnt love but lust. Romeos feelings power his actions contradicting the Elizabethan norm which would undoubtedly evoke strong feelings such as disgust and shock from the audience.Alternatively in the poem My last duchess the writer evokes strong feelings from the reader by focusing on the dominance and control of the Duke towards his wife. The audience in this case is this the ambassador acting on behalf of Ferdinand referred to in the poem as The Count, your master but in reality it is the reader. This makes the reader feel rebellious as they are eavesdropping on an interesting conversation. This exclusively contrasts to Romeos relationship with Juliet. They respect and accept each other as equals whereas the Duke doesnt respect his wife or even acknowledge her.The duke refers to his wife, non by her n ame, by she. A contemporary reader would accept this as men were the dominant spouse. Half flushed that dies along the throat. This is ironic as it is said that the duke killed or had his wife killed, we could interpret that he beheaded or had her beheaded. This would surprise the reader as the duke earlier in the poem he compliments his wife, calling her a wonder. Although his words and actions are brutal the duke would have been accepted by society as men were believed to be higher than women.Romeo and Juliets love was not accepted by an Elizabethan society but they choose to ignore their friends and family, therefore appalling their audiences and mocking their entire beliefs. In the play Romeo and Juliet confusion, doubt and uncertainty are common emotions. During the balcony scene Juliet is speaking her assessment unaware that Romeo had been listening. Be sworn my love, and I shall no longer be a Capulet. She would disown her family to be with Romeo, someone whom she had just m et. This would have stunned an Elizabethan audience as she came from a rich, well respect family.There is more confusion when Juliets feelings change, it is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden. Shakespeare uses the rule of three to mark on the word too. He does this to show how strong Juliets doubt towards Romeo is. An Elizabethan audience would be confused as to how she could change her mind as they believed in love at counterbalance sight and this was going against that belief. Shakespeare mocks his entire society though his characters by showing them that fate and destiny is not written in the stars but is decided by you.Equally, in the poem The Laboratory there is a lot of confusion between the character and the reader. The woman in the poem is searching for the perfect acerbate to commit a murder. She cannot seem to decide what poison she would like and is distracted by the exquisite gamey colours of the poisons. Yonder soft phial sure to taste sweetly, is that poison to o? . Her actions are really child-like and due to her frequent change of mind the reader will begin to doubt her motive and seriousness.The reader feels confused at her motives and could assume the poem is comic and not serious. By using a question mark, the poet emphasises the protagonists confused mind. This confusion is further highlighted by the -which separates the question from the rest of the stanza and draws it to the attention of the reader. Clearly, Shakespeare and Mr and Mrs Browning all bring strong emotion to the audience and readers whether it is through language, structure or form. This is one of the main reasons why their publications has lasted and is greatly treasured.

Green Banking

Introduction Deforestation, dissertation, flood, demesne erosion, siltation, sedimentation, river beach erosion, increased evaporation, carbonic acid artillery electric discharges, rising sea- take aim, displacement, cycl anes, salinization, arsenic contamination atomic number 18 about burning rallying cry in the display world. And solely words be connect natural disaster and humour change. Beca call, climate change is the most perplex issue the world is facing. Across the globe there throw away been continuous endeavors to visor and mitigate the encounter of climate change ca employ by human drill.An an early(a)(prenominal) name of this attempt is Sustainable culture to us. The exploit of throw openable ontogenesis involves all vault of heavens in the parsimony giving medication, NGOs, corporate, citizens and, of course, the pecuniary area. Our beloved mother land Bangladesh is one most refered pastoral by this climate change. And Bangladesh beveling i ndustry is ahead one step from other pecuniary institutions for taking endeavors to measure and mitigate the risk of climate change ca employ by human and banking activity. This activity is old(prenominal) in banking industry with title of kilobyte deposeing. 1. one thousand depositing immature banking in globular refers to the efforts of the riming area to check the environs kB and to diminish squirthouse effects done rationalizing their strategies, policy, decisions and activities pertaining to banking service, clientele of caper and in-house operational activities. fleeceable banking whitethorn be seen as a component of the global initiative from relys end to save environment. harshality banks or environmentally trusty banks do not un slight change their confess standards but in any case require societally responsible mien of other telephone line. 1. 2 Rational of the StudyThe success of a broadcast uni pains BBA is determined by how successfu lly the bookman of this program implemented in the practical feeling, which they conditioned from the program. Universities find umpteen an(prenominal) step to make bridge amid the academic acquaintance and actual business world event of BBA students. Bangladesh banking industry is ahead one step from other fiscal institutions for taking endeavors to measure and mitigate the risk of climate change caused by human and banking activity. In Bangladesh there are umteen banks to do unfledged bounding among our domestic banks.The world is instantaneously become globalize so we admit to sustain in the competitive world. We must take the competitive advantage thats why we rout outnot avoid the environment while doing business. Thats why I feel rattling much interest in kelvin Banking. And it has another vastness to me that is implementation of my educational cognition and theoretical knowledge to the practical. 1. 3. 2 Specific Objectives 1. 3. 1 General Objective 1. 3 Objec tive of the Study The objectives of the get across are in lies with the objective of swan work.The prime goal of Project work is to brook a theoretical and practical experience to the student and to generate an prospect to match the theoretical concepts with real life situation. As stated above to treat with these objectives this report has been in general divided into two fibers. The objectives are The general objective of this report is to fulfill the partial derivative requirements of the BBA program and qualification me competent to cope with corporate culture by means of observing the general banking and foot race into the gap between practical world and theoretical knowledge.The specific objectives of this report is to I. To get comprehensive knowledge on overall banking industry of Bangladesh. II. To gather comprehensive knowledge on banking functions. III. To get vast knowledge well-nigh dark- unripened Banking. IV. To learn the major(ip) areas and products of putting surface Banking. V. To learn initiatives for promoting jet plane banking at home and abroad. VI. To invest Green Banking policy. VII. To identify the necessity of Green Banking for Banking Industry. VIII. To identify the steps of Bangladesh Bank for Green Banking. 1. 4 celestial orbit of the StudyWe know that Bangladesh is the most preferable play earthly botheration to play with people life for natural disaster. Deforestation, dissertation, flood, soil erosion, siltation, sedimentation, river bank erosion, increased evaporation, Co2 emissions, rising sea-level, displacement, cyclones, salinization, arsenic contamination are most burning word in the present world. And all these words are related natural disaster and very worthy to accommodate in our country. Thats why, Green Banking open a smart era for Bangladesh banking industry to pull in a positivistic image, increase market nurture and contribute for development the country.In our country Banks are the major of welfare driven economy and pull aheadr of balanced growth in a country like Bangladesh which has a poverty stricken contemporary stinting background. So Banks chip in a expectant opportunity to implement their mission, objectives very easily through reverse lightning banking. By adopting a comprehensive jet plane banking policy, position new green banking products, considering green banking strategies at quantify of loan disbursement, evolution program for the clients, mass people, and stakeholders to piddle awareness among them most the environment a bank croupe easily radiation pattern green banking.Bangladesh Bank the central bank of Bangladesh is already placed an order on February 27, 2011for the banking industry. Dhaka Bank Ltd. , Shahjalal Islami Bank, Mutual institutionalise Bank Ltd. , AB Bank Ltd. , Al-Arafah Islami Bank Ltd. , National Bank Ltd. , Uttara Bank Ltd. , Rupali Bank Ltd. , Jamuna Bank Ltd. , Brac Bank Ltd. , United Commercial Bank Ltd. , Basi c Bank Ltd. , a dogged with Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. , are famous for practicing green banking in Bangladesh. It is obvious that any study has just about limitations. The study I seduce made is of great importance and require me broad work.While conducting I had to face a number of problems, which called limitations of my report. Those limiting factors that hampered my smooth full treatment to prepare this report are as follows * Lack of time The time cessation of this study is very terse. We had round weeks in my hand to complete this report, which was not enough. So I could not go in depth of the study. * Insufficient information There is a great lacking of numerical data about green banking. Some desired culture could not be collected due to confidentiality of business. *Other limitations I have lacking of previous experience in this concern. And many practical matters have been written from my give observation that may vary from person to person. 1. 5 Methodology of the study 1. 5. 1 Methods of data appeal Methodology is the study or theoretical analysis of particular working methods. Adoption of methodology is an outstanding factor in performing any study. If the methodology of the study is right adopted and the study runs properly according to the methodology, the study is supposed to be successful.The following represents the methodology of the study. * conceptualization Conceptualization is the way of developing concepts about the thesis topic and its related topics and its related matter the study follows a procedural climb up in order to get complete picture of concentration of different banks initiatives to green banking in intercontinental and in Bangladesh. * suppositious Framework This report theoretical framework is cerebrateed on the insight of the menstruum process theories and techniques in related to practicing green banking to get sustainability.It emphasizes the green banking policy, green banking strategies, green products and probable come upon opportunities of the products. And their inter relationship with making the environment green. 1. 5. 2 Sources of Data * Primary Sources The Primary Sources are as follows- i. Face-to-face conversation with the respective officers and staffs of the Branch. ii. In ball conversation with the investment funds clients. * Secondary Sources The Secondary Sources of data and information are i. Annual Report (Last five classs) of different Banks. ii.Periodicals published by Bangladesh Bank. iii. Various books, articles, compilations etc. regarding green banking functions, and the policies. 1. 5. 3 Data touch and analysis Collected data and information both from primary and petty(a) sources were analyzed in the. Raw data from the survey have collected and edited and then sort and edited and then classified according to the objectives. I have used some techniques for the purpose of analysis. These are * Theoretical analysis * Graphical analysis * Tabular a nalysis 1. 5. cookery of the report Following steps are associated with the preparation of this thesis I. Representations of the assembled data through graph II. Preparation of the draft report III. Preparation of the net report 1. 5. 5 Flow Chart of the study Methodology Conceptualization Developing Theoretical Framework Fixing Goals and Objectives Data Collection Primary Data Secondary Data Related nerve Identification of the Potential Problem Data Organization Data Processing, Interpretation and Analysis Findings Recommendations Report PresentationLiterature check out A comprehensive literature study was done to gain an exact scenario of the present status of green banking. During the literature survey relevant information was collected from a number of books journals, magazines, reports, government and non-government documents and other printed materials from the pertain financial and non-financial institutions. A very little study was conducted with the intensity of the g reen banking till to sidereal day, although green banking is a burning issue and very crucial phenomena for the present world banking industry.Green (1989) revealed that a banks responsibility extends to Government, clients, shareholders, staff, and the association. Companies do have ethical responsibility, but it is not comforted by limited liability from the consequences of their actions. A companys record and the erudition of its ethics require its character and ensure long-term success or failure. Further, he think that as we face increasingly complex and conflicting issues, our commitment to ethical behavior would be tested. Hitt, Keats and DeMarie (1998) identified strategical challenges and discontinuities encountered by firms in 21st century.They analyzed that to build and maintain competitive advantage, requires a new typesetters cases of organization, leading for survival and global market leadership. It was concluded that success in 21st century organization woul d count on building strategic flexibility like exercising strategic leadership, building dynamic midpoint competencies, focusing and developing human dandy, impressively using new manufacturing technologies and implementing new organization structures and culture. Therefore, the responsibility of banks in this scenario should be reviewed so that changes of 21st century puke be effectively assureled.There is a strong remove for re-inventing the role of banks as Jeucken (2001) has compared three world regions Europe (24 banks), North America (6 banks) and Oceania (Japan and Australia 4 banks) for the period of 1998 to 2000. He analyzed and cogitate some consequential differences between regions, countries, and banks with regard to sustainable banking. The methodology was entirely sustain on studying environmental and annual reports of banks. He concluded that 53 percent of the banks adopt a defensive position towards the environment issue.Still, a monumental group of banks d o not see the role, which they tidy sum play a sustainable development. Sahu and Rajasekhar (2005) addressed and analyzed certain questions regarding bank credit to the agricultural sector and light upon of the closure of rustic bank branches on the provision of credit to agriculture by analyzing the data on the total outstanding credit provided by the scheduled commercial banks to the agricultural sector during the period 1981 to 2000 and concluded that profit-oriented norms persuaded commercial banks to neglect the agricultural sector, provision of a credit subsidy sicken the fork over of agricultural credit.Lyne, Nielson, and Tierney (2009) evaluated and analyzed10, 000 Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) loans from 1980 to 2000. They found that (MDBs) dramatically increased brotherly alter for health, education, and safety nets afterward 1985. Yet the great powers companionable policy preferences remained relatively static from 1980 to 2000. This contradicts the conve ntional view that powerful states control International Organizations (IOs). They argued that highly institutionalized IOs like MDBs require a complete model of practical member-state coalitions cover the preferences of all member statesnot just major powers.McMichael (2009) questions the Banks new vision, arguing that new wine in old bottles will continue to supply affluence earlier than feed the world and sustain its agricultures, particularly at a time when land is organism commandeered for luxury foods (e. g. the livestock complex, all-season vegetables and fruits) and bio-fuels, neither of which feed the poor. Ironically, the rejoinder of poverty body the Banks main source of legitimacy. Goyal and Joshi (2011) studied a sample of 19 bank mergers (post liberalization) found on umber of branches and geographical penetration in the market. Apart from financial aspects, they observed some rising issues like employees perception, branch size, customer perception, communicati on, change management strategies, and human resource management. These issues can be colonised when a bank implements certain social and ethical policies. Weber and Remer (2011) described affectionate Banking as a way of value-driven banking that has a positive social and ecological impact at its heart, as well as its experience economic sustainability.Most of the affectionate Banks came out of the crisis much stronger and bigger than they were before. In addition, none of the Social Banks had to be bailed out with customary funds. This increasingly attracts the interest not exclusively of clients prying for safe and sensible ship canal to deposit their funds but as well as of conventional banks that begin to understand the potential drop of a more(prenominal) socially oriented approach towards banking. It is a matter of awareness, which compel us to have some views from a different outlook.Bearing in mind the various functions of a bank and current scenario, now it is hig h time to understand the role of banks in 21st century. Therefore, this study is conducted to understand the various roles and responsibilities of banks in order to extend to more effectively and efficiently against some current issues, which has already attracted the upkeep of the world. Following are the objectives to endanger the issues * To understand the various roles and functions of Banks. * To know various emerging issues of 21st century in Banking Industry of India.The abstraction of my report literature review is Green Banking the focus is on satisfying existing needs in the real economy and the society overly taking into account their social, cultural, ecological, and economic sustainability. In the repercussion of the crisis, many people felt that green banking is more caring for the overall progress of society than traditional and mainstream banking. It is fancied that green banking may provide important littleons for the banking and financial sector to avoid fur ther crises in the future. 2. 1 Nature of the Research Research is the systematic investigation into existing or new knowledge.It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. The goal of the look for process is to produce new knowledge or intensify understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms I. Exploratory Research An searching study is under taken when not much is known about the situation at hand or no information is available on how similar problem or research issues have been solved in the past. II. Constructive Research Constructive research tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question.III. experiential research Empirical research tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence. The literature review of this report is formula us a very little study was conducted with the intensity of the green banking till tod ay, although green banking is a burning issue and very crucial phenomena for the present world banking industry. So, definitely my this report research type is exploratory research because, An exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand or no information is available on how similar problem or research issues have been solved in the past.Green Banking Global warming, which is one of the most burning & discussed issues, has the worst impact on the climate of the planet as a whole. The rapid change in climate will be too great to be adapted by the eco-systems, since the change have already made turn to impact on biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, dry land, pissing resources and human health. As such, issue of global warming calls for a global response. Due to unusual weather pattern, rising greenhouse gas, declining air type etc. ociety demands that business similarly take responsibility in safeguarding the planet. The key areas of environ mental abjection cover air contaminant, water pollution, surface water scarmetropolis, encroachment of rivers, improper disposal of industrial, medical and house-hold waste, disforestation, sack of open space, loss of biodiversity and many other issues. In response to increasing awareness over climate change, environmental degradation, urgent measures for sustainable development have been addressed by some of the stake holders all over the world.Banking system hold a unique position in an economy that can affect production, business and other economic activities through their procedure for financing activities which would in turn contribute to protect environment/climate from pollution. Moreover, readiness in muscle use, water consumption and waste reduction may evidentially contribute for operate cost of many of the large banks of the country.Projects/Businesses those implicate waste legal community and resource efficiency systems in a long range of sectors including com munity, commercial and business organizations such as shopping centers, regional airports, hospitals, construction, farms, a university, public organizations, and educational organizations are receiving enhanced attention these days. Green finance as a part of Green Banking makes great contribution to the transition to resource-efficient and low carbon industries i. e. Green industry and green economy in general.Green banking is a component of the global initiative by a group of stakeholders to save the climate/ environment. Green banks or environmentally responsible banks do not only improve their own standards but in like manner affect socially responsible behavior of other businesses. 3. 2 Why Green Banking 3. 1 What is Green Banking * * Green Bank means * An ethical bank * A socially responsible bank * A sustainable bank. * Green Banking is to support * Innovative green products * Activities those are not hazardous to environment and ease asseverate environment. To help safe guard the planet from * unusual weather pattern * rising greenhouse gas * Declining air quality. * For ensuring green economic growth economic growth which is sustainable. * To meet one of the Millennium Development Goals Ensure environmental Sustainability. 3. 3 Definitions of Green Banking 3. 3. 2 The Broad focus 3. 3. 1 In general focus Green Banking is like a normal bank which considers the entire social and environmental factors it is withal called as an ethical bank Ethical banks have started with the aim of protecting the environment.Green banking refers to the efforts of the Banking sector to keep the environment green and to minimize greenhouse effects through rationalizing their strategies, policy, decisions and activities pertaining to banking service, business and in-house operational activities. Green banking may be seen as a component of the global initiative from Banks end to save environment. Green banks or environmentally responsible banks do not only improve their own standards but also affect socially responsible behavior of other business. Green banking can gain ground the environment either by reducing the carbon step of consumers or banks.Either works, some with caprice. Either a bank o (a consumer can conserve paper and get the environment. Ideally, a green banking initiative will involve both. Online banking is an example of this. When a banks customers go online, the environmental benefits work both ways. Green banking means combining operational improvements and applied science, and changing client habits. 3. 3. 3 The definitions derived from specialists * Sherman stresses ( get word Differentiator of Green Choice Bank, Chicago) With green banking, what sets leaders apart from the rest is ow you invest back in the community, so we are trying to develop loan products and deposit products that reward good environmental choices * Todd Larson (Community drop guide, green America) a green bank is a logical extension of -socially re sponsible investing. * Sherman Stresses, (Key Differentiator of Green Choice Bank, Chicago) With green banking, what sets leaders apart from the rest are how you invest back in the community, so were trying to develop loan products and deposit products that reward good environmental choices. Todd Larson (Community investing guide, green America) A green bank is a logical extension of socially responsible investing. * Justin Pritchard (columnist, about com) Green Bank is a bank focusing on sustainability. It is bank like others but they are to shoot the green banking niche, and they hope to excel by serving companies and individuals interested in green business. For the most part, the bank will work with businesses that find ways to do more and use little. * Pravakar Shahoo (Author, Green Banking in India) The banks should go green and play a pro-active role to take environmental and ecological aspects as part of their lending principle, which would force industries to go for man dated investment for environmental management, use of let technologies and management systems. * Geoff Green wade, death chair and CEO, Green Bank (Houston) Green banking means combining operational improvements and technology, and changing client habits. * Stacy Ayiers (Author, Green banking-a new resource bank) Specific banks designed to aid environmentally-conscious businesses and consumers with better incentives and loan rates.Despite the changes in our economic system in business caused by the housing market, these banks are willing to work with companies who want to empower sustainability. 3. 4 Conceptual derivation of Green Banking Americans are starting to turn to eco-friendly banking as a way to help reduce the carbon footprint from their normal banking activities. This movement away from branch and paper banking is creation led by green banks that believe in social responsibility. The discussion around environmental management in financial institutions has until now la rgely taken place in industrialized countries.However, in view of the financial globalisation and ever increasing environ-mental regulations, many financial institutions operating(a) in developing and emerging countries are touch to better manage risks arising from environmental liabilities. Besides credit and market risks, damage to an institutions re attributeation often represents an important driver for supranational banks. Domestic players including microfinance institutions may have different incentives, among others to contribute to topical anaesthetic development, but they play an equally important role.Empirical research since 1990 concluded that banks were not interested in their own environmental situation or that of their clients. We are witnessing certain changes and growing awareness in the field of financial sector like environmental investment funds, loans, green banking, global banking, rural banking, agri-banking, social banking and ethical banking. * Social B anking In Social Banking, the focus is on satisfying existing needs in the real economy and the society also taking into account their social, cultural, ecological, and economic sustainability.In the repercussion of the crisis, many people felt that social banking is more caring for the overall progress of society than traditional and mainstream banking. It is assumed that social banking may provide important lessons for the banking and financial sector to avoid further crises in the future. According to Institute for Social Banking, Social Banking describes the provision of banking and financial function that consequently pursue, as their main objective, a positive contribution to the potential of all human beings to develop, today and in the future.Benedikter (2011) defines Social Banks as banks with a conscience. They focus on investing in community, providing opportunities for the disadvantaged, and sustenance social, environmental, and ethical agendas. Social banks try to inv est their currency only in endeavors that promote the greater good of society, instead of those, which generate private profit just for a few. He has also explained the main difference between mainstream banks and social banks that mainstream banks are in most cases focused solely on the principle of profit maximization whereas, social banking implements the triple principle of profit-people-planet.Social banks care about making a profit, but equally for promoting human and environmental well-being. It is this triple principle that they follow when they decide to whom to lend money, and for what purpose. It means that social banks consider social and economic sustainability when making financial decisions. Sustainable investments and lending practices are ones that produce a better quality of life for the greatest possible amount of people, and whose effects endure over time and continue to produce a multiplicity of positive effects long after the initial investment.Now-a-days, so cial banks are becoming cultural power as social banking includes the concepts of human-centered and humanist in financial activities. * Ethical Banking The accommodating Bank (UK) offers its customers home slide fastener rating on purchases of consumer durables. The purpose is to enable them to better understand how verve efficient a property is and how to make improvements. Moreover, banks mortgages include carbon-offset features. Every year that a customer holds a mortgage, the bank offsets a fifth of the carbon dioxide emissions arising from a emblematic households energy consumption.Following customer consultation in 2003, offset money were used for re-afforestation in Uganda, a Bangladesh jump out that trains local people to build energy efficient stoves and a Bulgaria project supporting micro-hydro electricity generation. Citizens Bank (Canada) allows its customers to choose between a variety of VISA cards that benefit Oxfam Canada, free pardon International or their p hilanthropic Shared Interest program by donating $0. 10 to not-for-profit initiatives general every time their VISA card is used. This enabled Citizens Bank to donate thousands of dollars to Doctors.These are only a few of the wide range of services available at different ethical banks. * Agri-Banking Alston (2004) argued that international and national events like globalization, international policy manipulations such as the US farm bill, and national policy, are having a major impact on agricultural production in Australia. It is more likely that these issues are acting to continue and exacerbate a trend towards reduced viability for farm families evident in economic and social trends since at least(prenominal) the 1950s.It was further argued that social aspects of agricultural production in Australia noting social trends and drawing attention to the changing social relations of agriculture. It was concluded that there is dominance of farm families, the role of corporate agricu lture, ethnic diversity, the importance of women, and the practice of farm transfers. Punjab National Banks (PNB) Corporate Social Responsibility Report (2010) shows that agriculture and husbandmans related initiatives are taken by PNB increased lending to agriculture, weaker sectors and women which results in impacting their lives through income generation.Moreover, the report shows that the Bank has established two trusts viz. , PNB Farmers eudaimonia Trust and PNB Centenary Rural Development Trust. These trusts are involved in running training centers which imparts training in farming and also other non-farm activities. PNB Farmers Welfare Trust was established in the year 2000 for welfare of the farmers, women and youth in rural areas. Under the security of the Trust, 8 Farmers Training Centers (FTCs) have been made operational at liquidations.Apart from this ready Van is being used at FTC Sacha Khera for providing off-site training on improved package & practices of agricu ltural crops & allied activities, soil testing and Jatropha cultivation. In addition, the van is acting as an information kiosk. * Rural Banking Ramachandran and Swaminathan (2002) examined the effect of financial sector reform on rural banking and rural credit transactions in India. They reviewed the trends in selected indicators of rural banking at the national level over the last 30 years.Moreover, they used longitudinal data for a village in Tamil Nadu to examine changes in patterns of indebtedness and credit transactions among landless labor households. They concluded that the exploitation of landless labor households in the credit market has intensified with the introduction of financial reforms and lastly, the policy was envisaged as an alternative to the formal credit sector in the countryside. Burgess and Pande (2005) evaluated the impact of a large state-led bank branch expansion program in India on rural poverty between 1977 and 1990.They used deviations and regression a nalysis and found that branch expansion into rural unbanked locations in India satisfyingly reduced rural poverty. * Global Banking Miller, S. R. and Parkhe, A. (2002) conducted empirical test of the liability of foreignness in the global banking industry, using FitchIBCA Bank Scope data for the period 198996 and their findings strongly support the liability of foreignness hypothesis. Further, the data showed some evidence that the X-efficiency of a foreign-owned bank is strongly influenced by the competitiveness of its home country and the host country in which it operates.Moreover, it was found that in some environments U. S. -owned banks is more X-efficient than other foreign-owned banks in some environments, but less X-efficient in others. Mathur, N. D. (2009) has identified a visible trend that growing integration of economies and the markets around the world is making global banking a reality. The use of Internet banking has widened frontiers of Global Banking and it is now p ossible to market financial products and services on a global basis. Like other industries, banking has become more global. Banking stands out, however, in its legal form and reliance on cross border positions.Banks run special risks in lending abroad. McCauley, McGuire and Peter (2010) have shown that some banking systems are international in their organization while others are multinational, and that the multinational model can be operated with a greater or lesser degree of centralization. While much work remains to be done in assessing the performance of various banking models during the crisis, it does appear that local assets proved more invariable under stress. Cross-border claims and liabilities proved less stable. These findings hold even if account is taken of the series break delineated by US securities irms becoming reporting banks, exchange rate changes and distortions from mergers and acquisitions, some of which resulted from the crisis itself. * Other Issues Banks, u sually take help of various Information Technology (IT) based channels to provide their banking and other services. For this purpose, they are in need to provide continuous and frequent information about their services. We can use IT as a strong means to fulfill our objectives social and ethical banking. The IT based banking services are as follows Mobile Banking is a new and emerging concept.Large numbers of people are still not aware about enjoyment of mobile banking. In this, ones mobile phone is used to conduct banking transactions. The popularity of Online Banking is significantly increasing day by day. It is a term used for performing various transactions, softenments, and account statements etc. with the help of Internet. family Managers, mostly for private banking or business banking, often visit customers at their homes or businesses. mental picture banking is a term used for performing banking transactions or professional banking consultations via a remote video and a uditory sensation connection.Video banking can be performed via purpose built banking transaction machines (similar to an Automated teller machine), or via a Video conference enabled bank branch clarification. * 3. 4. 1 Flow Chart of conceptual derivation of Green Banking Green Banking There are some major concerns about environmental issues. Therefore, organization need to pay attention to their out cats whether they are violating environmental issues or not. At Triodos Bank, it is believed that profit should not be earned at the disbursal of the worlds most pressing environmental problems.That is why they finance organizations from organic food and farming businesses and pioneering renewable energy enterprises, to recycling companies and nature saving projects. Citizens Bank of Canada has lowered its interest rate on loans for carbon emission cars. These kinds of efforts will surely motivate other banks to promote green banking and consequently in long run environmental issues c an be resolved. Agri Banking Rural Banking Global Banking Social Banking Ethical Banking Other Issues Green Banking 3. 4. 2 Green Banking A New Eco-Friendly Concept in Banking ArenaGreen banking is a component of the global initiative by a group of stakeholders to save environment where, sustainable development has emerged as a new paradigm of development in response to the current discourse of development that over-exploits natural environment for economic prosperity. The sustainable development can best be achieved by allowing markets to work within an appropriate framework of cost efficient regulations and economic instruments. One of the major economic agents influencing overall industrial activity and economic growth is the financial institutions such as banking sector.The banking sector influences the economic growth and development in terms of both quality and quantity, there by changing the nature of economic growth. Banking sector is one of the major sources of financing in vestment for commercial projects which is one of the most important economic activities for economic growth. Therefore, banking sector can play a crucial role in promoting environmentally sustainable and socially responsible investment (SRI). Banks may not be the polluters themselves but they will probably have a banking relationship with some companies/investment projects that are polluters or could be in future.Banking sector is generally considered as environmental friendly in terms of emissions and pollutions. Internal environmental impact of the banking sector such as use of energy, paper and water are relatively low and sassy. environmental impact of banks is not physically related to their banking activities but with the customers activities. Therefore, environmental impact of banks external activity is huge though difficult to estimate. Moreover, environment management in the banking business is like risk management.It increases the enterprise value and lowers loss ratio as higher quality loan portfolio results in higher earnings. Thus, encouraging environmentally responsible investments and prudent lending should be one of the responsibilities of the banking sector. Further, those industries which have already become green and those, which are making serious attempts to grow green, should be accorded priority to lending by the banks. This method of finance can be called as Green Banking, an effort by the banks to make the industries grow green and in the process restore the natural environment.This concept of Green Banking will be mutually beneficial to the banks, industries and the economy. Not only Green Banking will ensure the greening of the industries but it will also facilitate in change the asset quality of the banks in future. Internationally, there is a growing concern about the role of banking and institutional investors for environmentally responsible/socially responsible investment projects. Banking and other financial institutions are m ore effective towards achieving this goal for the kind of intermediary role they play in any economy and for their potential reach to the number of investors.Environment is no longer the exclusive concern of the government and the indicate polluters, but also the other partners and stake- holders in the business like financial institutions such as banking institutions can play a very important role in fostering linkage between economic development and environmental protection. To substantiate, quality of service, the implementation of environmental conservation measures, support to the deprived section of the society, concern about the quality of life and nature are the basic principles that the financial institutions are relying on in their business strategy in recent years.The banking operation targets a certain long-term rate of return on their credit and investment. Therefore, it is of importance to the banking sector to follow certain environmental evaluation of the projects b efore financing. There are studies showing positive correlation between environmental performance and financial performance (Hamilton, 1995 Hart, 1995 Blacconiere and Pattern, 1993). Thus, it is imperative for the financial institutions in the present context to consider environmental performance in deciding whether to invest in companies or hint clients to do so.The formation of different rules for environmental management like resource conservation, clean water act, clean air act, toxic substance control act are also viewed as potentially significant contributor to the recent increase in environmental liability for banking institutions. Adoption of these principles will offer significant benefits to financial institutions, to consumers and also the stakeholders. There have been attempts to adopt sustainable development strategies from various quarters at international level.Multilateral agencies, international consortiums, multilateral financial and development institutions have been advocating for environmental standards and strategies to evaluate investment projects. In the recent years, the international organization for standardization (ISO) has issued series of comprehensive guidelines for incorporating environmental protection and pollution prevention objectives into industrial activity worldwide, known collectively as ISO 14000. It would certainly give the much needed drift for the banking industry to expand the use of environmental information in their credit extension and investment decisions.In this backdrop, the paper aims to discuss the issues of sustainability in Banking and how banks can play a role for sustainable growth and development, particularly in the Bangladesh context. The state of environment in Bangladesh is rapidly deteriorating. The key areas of environmental degradation cover air pollution, water pollution and scarcity, encroachment of rivers, improper disposal of industrial medical and house-hold waste, deforestation, and loss of open space and loss of biodiversity. In addition, Bangladesh is one of the most climate change vulnerable countries.In line with global development and response to the environmental degradation, financial sector in Bangladesh should play important roles as one of the key stake holders. In response to the above, urgent measures are required by stake holders for sustainable development and thereby save the planet. Banks hold a unique position in an economic system that can affect production, business and other economic activities through their financing activities and thus may contribute to pollute environment. Moreover, energy and water efficiency and waste reduction are of high concern for many big banks.Green banks or environmentally responsible banks do not only improve their own standards but also affect socially responsible behavior of other business. 3. 4. 4 Green Banking & Environmental adventure Management interrelationship 3. 4. 3 Green Banking & Sustainable Growth Sust ainable development meets the need of present generation without pliable the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. The key to sustainable development is to ensure broad-based inclusive economic growth, with * Promotion of natural resources Preservation of regenerating capacity of ecological system * Avoidance of environmental risks on future generations. Banking sector can play an intermediary role between economic development and environmental protection. Green Banking & Environmental Risk Management (ERM) move together to care for * Environmental problems * poorness & environment * High consumption patterns * Health and environment * Moral obligation 3. 4. 6 Scope of Green Banking 3. 4. 5 Purpose of Green BankingThe purpose of Green Banking Policy will be to ensure undeniable measures to protect environmental pollution while providing service or financing customers as well as to improve in-house environment management through efficient use of various resources a t Head Office, Branches and other link offices. This policy document will be applicable for issues related to Green Banking with respect to activities of the Bank and its customers that have impact on the environment. 3. 4. 7 Benefits of Green Banking Apart from enrichment of the external environment, Green Banking may also help improve the performance of the Bank in the following ways Basically Ethical (Green) banking avoids as much paper work as possible and rely on online/electronic transactions for processing so that you get green credit cards and green mortgages. Less paperwork means less unsanded of trees. * Creating awareness to business people about environmental and social responsibility alter them to do an environmental friendly business practice. * Green (Ethical) banks adopt and implement environmental standards for lending, which is really a proactive idea that would enable eco-friendly business practices which would benefit our future generations. When you are awarde d with a loan, the interest of that loan is comparatively less with normal banks because ethical banks give more importance to environmental friendly factors ecological gains. Natural resources conservation is also one of the underlying principles in a green bank while assessing capital/operating loans to extracting/industrial business sector. * Improve the image of the Bank by showing and serving its commitment to the environment. * significantly reduce operational cost due to less consumption of office stationeries, energy and water. Enhance productiveness as well as efficiency of the employees through skilled & optimum usage of technology. * bowdlerize possible health hazards by installing eco-friendly equipments. * Save significant portion of Forestry by reducing paper usage * Lessen emission of Green House Gases (GHGs) through making less corporate travelling through teleconferencing as well as arranging transport pool for the employees. * Help develop customers consciousnes s on environment by arranging awareness development program * Reduce the extent of Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) if investment goes to less risky projectsThe Initiatives for Promoting Green Banking 4. 1 Ethical Initiatives and Community Involvement numerous banks (as well as some conventional banks) create commences that allow the banker to contribute to organizations that have positive societal environmental impacts either in the local community or in developing countries. For example the Cooperative Bank (UK) offers customers a free Home Energy Rating on all house purchases, enabling them to better understand how energy efficient a property is and how to make improvements. Additionally, all of the banks mortgages include carbon-offset features.Every year that a customer holds a mortgage the bank offsets a fifth of the carbon dioxide emissions arising from a typical households energy consumption following customer consultation 2003 offset monies were used for reforestation in Uganda , a Bangladesh project which trains local people to build energy efficient stoves and a Bulgaria project supporting micro-hydro electricity generation. Whereas the Citizens Bank (Canada) allows its customers to choose between a variety of VISA cards that benefit Oxfam Canada Amnesty International or their philanthropic Shared interest program by donating $0. 0 to non-for-profit initiatives worldwide every time their VISA card is used. This enabled Citizens Bank to donate $24,800 to Doctors without Borders/ Medicines Sans Frontiers in 2007. These are only a few of the wide range of services available at different ethical banks. Many also have lower interest loans for low emission cars (ex. of low emission car initiative put forth by citizens Bank). Ethical banks excel in community involvement, as do other financial instructions such as credit unions. Community involvement is not limited to ethical banks as conventional banks also partake in such actions.The following are a few exampl es of community involvement done by ethical banks, credit unions, and conventional banks * Affordable housing projects (ex. Van city Citizens bank) * Many banks/credit unions try to increase financial literacy and consciousness for environment in the community * financially support community events (for ex. each year TD Canada trust donates to a local cause). The role of Green banking in Environmental Management. The world has seen much focus on economic progress and mankind has made titan steps in its journey through time.The side effects of the development process have however, also been equally enormous-loss of biodiversity climatic change environmental damage, etc. Social issues such as, poverty alleviation have also become more important as the world has progressed economically Banks play an important role in development of an economy. The economic reforms totally have changed the banking sector. The banking sector forming a portion of the financial sector primarily works as a financial intermediary generating money supply.The banks should go green and play a pro-active role to take environmental and ecological aspects as part of their lending principle, which would force industries to go for mandated investment for environmental management use of appropriate technologies and management systems. Banks that are serious about sustainable development put principles at the heart of decision-making Fundamental issues such as how deals are done and loans are made, in searching proactively for opportunities and even in establishing and adhering to policy frameworks that deliberately preclude involvement in certain investments.For example, an investment in a factory that pollutes heavily (and passes on the cost to the society at large) will generally have a higher financial rate of return than a factory that invests in expensive pollution control technology as a result showing a lower rate of return. A Green Banking movement such as less paper is good for the e nvironment where Customers make paper less deposits, withdrawals and remittances. Going green through I. No paper statements (statements and charges summaries will be delivered electronically Via Internet Banking) II.Fewer letter to open (Bank will call or email us for service reasons wherever possible rather than write to us) III. No cheque book or paying-in book for our current account. IV. No paper-based marketing. The Bank can concentrate on Nature and environment by projects in the field of renewable energy (wind energy & hydro-electric projects), organic agriculture across the entire value chain including health food shops and environment technology such as recycling companies and nature conservation projects.As environmental issues gain greater attention, pressures are being placed on all industries, including financial services, to implement green initiatives. Like Resource conservation through cash recycling, double-sided statement print-outs electro mobility. 4. 2 Internat ional Initiatives for Green Banking The financial sectors glowing adhesion to environmental management system is attributed to the direct and indirect pressures from international and local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), multilateral agencies and in some cases the market through consumers.In the early 1990s, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) launched what is now known as the UNEP finance initiative (UNEPFI). Some 200 financial institutions around the globe are signatories of this initiative statement to promote sustainable development living the framework of market mechanisms toward common environmental goals. The objective is to integrate the environmental and social dimension to the financial performance and risk associated with it in the financial sector.As the commitment of this UNEPFI statement goes, sustainable development is regarded basic to the sound business management. It advocates for a precautionary approach towards environmental management and sugg ests compound environmental considerations into the regular business operations, asset management, and other business decisions of the banks. IFCs environmental unit was established in 1991 for reviewing each project for environmental assessment.Similarly, the US Export-Import Bank regularly reviews while financing exports on the ground whether they are environmentally sound. It will be noteworthy to mention that Netherland-based ABN-Amro bank has developed certain Reputational Risk Management (RRM) policies to identify, asses and mange non-financial present within it business engagements- Similarly, some of the big international banks like ABN Amro, Deutsche, Standard Chartered, HSBC Bank etc. look at environment issues discussed under Kyoto Protocol.Going further, the Dutch Government has made a formal request to barks in achieving sustainable development. The dialogue between banks and government was established in 1999 to initiate policies for environmental improvements through the development of new financial products and services. Similarly, Earth (FOE) and the Rainforest Action Network (RAN) challenged the industry with high-profile military campaign that highlighted cases in which commercial banks were -bankrolling disasters in 2000 in the US.In 2002, a global coalition of NGOs formed a entanglement named Bank Tract to promote sustainable finance in the commercial sector. This coalition came up with a resolution constituting six principles promoting environmental protection and social justice by banks and this is popularly known as Collevecchio Declaration. The six principles that this declaration advocated included commitments to sustainability no-harm responsibility, accountability, transparency and sustainable market, and governance.More than 200 organizations have endorsed this declaration and urged the banks to merged these commitments into their business operation The declaration states that -Finance and Commerce has been at the center of a h istoric detachment between the worlds natural resource base, production and consumption. As we reach the boundaries of ecological boundaries of the ecological limit upon which all doctor relies, the financial sector should take its share of responsibility for reversing the effects this detachment has produced.All these concerns for sustainable finance or green finance have compelled the banking institutions to devise a common and coherent set of environmental and social policies and guidelines that can be used to evaluate the projects. A small group of banks on with IFC carne together to initiate the process of designing the common guidelines in October 2002 and came up with a guidelines in June 2003 that is known as Equator Principles with 10 leading commercial banks adopting these voluntary set of principles.This equator principle was subsequently updated and the new revised sets of principles are round-backed in July 2006. The coverage of projects being financed is expanded in this revised set of principles by lowering the finance threshold from $50 million to $10 million presently 46 financial institutions from 16 countries with business operation in more than 100 countries have embraced this equator principle, So this principle has become a common standard of project finance that imported environmental and social issues in project finance.The activities of the equator banks (banks adopting equator principles) are being reviewed by NGOs worldwide and are being published whenever it is realized that they are not committed to Equator Principle. IFC along with the Financial Times has initiated Sustainable Banking Award since 2006. More than 104 financial institutions out of 151 entries from 51 countries have made it to the final lists of award 2007. The number of banks applying was up by more than 100 percent compared to the previous years 48 banks from 28 countries.All the international initiatives towards integrating environmental concerns into business o peration of banks are voluntary in nature and are meant to a common good of a better ecosystem Voluntary commitment has its own shortcoming in a competitive market. Unless the market for green money will increase, the lenders will always have an incentive to increase their social commitment and prioritize the commercial interest in the short run. So demand for green money is a precondition of green banking if it will be voluntary.A Government legislation that makes banks accountable for the misdeeds of their clients will help promotes green banking. 4. 2. 1 Global initiatives Durban Climate Conference Governments concord to adopt a universal legal agreement on climate change by 2015. Key Decisions * Green Climate Fund to be made available to developing countries by 2012. * Adaptive capacities of the poorest and most vulnerable countries to be strengthened. * Technology Mechanism to become fully operational by 2012. * Web-based registration of developing country mitigation actions seeking financial support. . 3 Domestic Initiatives for Green Banking Though be late, Bangladesh is now aware that global warming is an issue that calls for a global response. The rapid change in climate will be too great to allow many eco-systems to suitably adapt, since the change have direct impact on biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, dry land, water resources and human health. Due to unusual weather pattern, rising greenhouse gas, declining air quality etc. society demands that business also take responsibility in safeguarding the planet.Green finance as a part of Green Banking makes great contribution to the transition to resource-efficient and low carbon industries i. e. green industry and green economy in general. Green banking is a component of the global initiative by a group of stakeholders to save environment. The state of environment in Bangladesh is rapidly deteriorating. The key areas of environmental degradation cover air pollution, water pollution and scarcity, e ncroachment of rivers, improper disposal of industrial medical and house-hold waste, deforestation and loss of open spaces and loss of biodiversity.In addition, Bangladesh is one of the most climate change vulnerable countries. In line with global development and response to the environmental degradation, financial sector in Bangladesh can play important roles as one of the key stake holders. In response to the above, urgent measures are required by stakeholders for sustainable development and thereby save the planet. Banks hold a unique position in an economic system that can affect production, business and other economic activities though their financing activities and thus may contribute to protect environment.Moreover, energy and water efficiency and waste reduction are of high concern for many big banks- Green banks or environmentally responsible banks do not only improve their own standards but also affect socially responsible behavior of other business. 4. 3. 1 Bangladesh Ba nks sooner Initiatives Bangladesh Bank (BB) is well aware of the environmental degradation situation as mentioned above and has already presumption time to time directions to all scheduled banks.Commercial Banks are now required to ensure necessary measures to protect environmental pollution while financing a new project or providing working capital to the existing enterprises. Banks have been advised to facilitate their clients with utmost care in opening Letter of credence (L/C) for installation of Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) in the industrial units. Banks have been advised to finance in Solar Energy, Bio-gas, ETP and Hybrid Hoffman Kiln (HHK) in brick field under refinance program of BB.A comprehensive guideline on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been issued where banks have been asked to concentrate hard on linking CSR at their highest corporate level for ingraining environmentally and socially responsible practices and engaging with borrowers in scrutiny of the environmental and social impacts. Banks have been brought under the purview of E-commerce with a view to providing the customers with online-banking facilities covering payments of utility bills, money transfer and transactions in local currency through internet as well.Considering the adverse effects of Climate Change, banks have been advised to be cautious about the adverse impact of natural calamities and encourage the farmers to cultivate salinity disgusting crops in the salty areas, water resistive crops in the water locked and flood prone areas, drought resistant crops in the drought prone areas, using surface water instead of underground water for irrigation and also using organic fertilizer, insecticides by natural means instead of using chemical fertilizer and pesticides. 4. 3. 2 Commercial Banks Attention to Green BankingBangladesh Bank governor urged the chief executive officers of the countrys banks to pay attention to green banking, by investing in energy efficiency a nd renewable energy projects. fundamental bank has a fund named -Renewable Energy Fund. Only two banks have so far taken the opportunities offered by the fund. The central bank governor made the request at the launching ceremony of the Environmental Risk management Guidelines. BB urged the banks and financial institutions to keep climate change and environmental considerations as priorities in their activities.The invasion of a deteriorating climate on financial institutions and business enterprise have driven the creation of the Environmental Risk Management Guidelines, encouraging banks and FIs to adopt risk management practices to safe guard against these inevitable environmental concerns. Detailed guidelines on green banking were Issued on February 27,2011 in which banks have been advised to give more fury to help environment by eliminating paper uses saving gas and carbon emissions, and reducing printing costs and postage expenses.Banks shall comply with the instructions sti pulated in the detailed guidelines on Environmental Risk Management in consideration of a part of the Green Banking Policy. The comprehensive guidelines were developed by Bangladesh Bank in quislingism with IFC and with input from Bankers Association of Bangladesh and financial sector stakeholders and have been issued to all financial institutions in the country. The Major subject & Products of Green Banking 5. 1 The Major Areas of Green Banking Green banking can benefit the environment either by reducing the carbon footprint of consumers or banks.Either a bank or a consumer can conserve paper and benefit the environment. Ideally, a green banking initiative will involve both. Online banking is an example of this. When a banks customers go online, the environmental benefits work both ways. Other examples of what Green Bank Report considers forms of green banking on the consumer side include * Green Deposits Banks can offer higher rates on CDs, money market accounts, checking accou nts and nest egg account if customers opt to conduct their banking activities online. Green Checking converting checking accounts to online banking * Green Money Market Accounts converting savings accounts to online banking * Green CDs bonus rates for online banking * Green