European Civilization Accomplished Essay Example

European Civilization Accomplished Essay The advancements of Greece, Rome and the Dark and Middle Ages set the foundation for modern European culture. Through literature, inventions, and the church Europe evolved into a distinct civilization. Greece influenced modern Europe with their advancements in literature and the written language. Also, the theories of Plato, Aristotle, Socrates began modern thought and theory. The Greeks, including Homer, were also thefirst to write down history. The Greeks also made advancements in science and math and also published encyclopedias. They then spread their influence and advancements as their boarders spread. After the fall of Greece, Rome had its own influence on the future of Europe. Under the Roman Empire transportation as well as communication spread through the Mediterranean with the spread of Romes boarders Latin spread, as well, and would eventually become the Romance Languages. Christianity also emerged as a leading religion. Romes government was the beginning of modern gover nment with laws and judges. The country also had a large army that could easily be dispatched to far off battles. During the Middle Ages, in the East, the art, architecture, trade and crafts continued in a very-Roman tradition. In Arab culture made many advances in math and science and translated Roman scientific literature. In the West the Church, although unorganized and separated from the public, it maintained order and its monks were some of the few literate people during this time period. They maintained libraries and kept books from earlier civilizations. During this period the modern European countries such as Spain, France and Norway began to immerge. In the High Middle Ages feudalism created modern Europes government, including nobles, monarchs, and parliaments. As trade began to expand towns immerged which had a huge impact on European culture. Also, with agricultural inventions people did not have to worry about food shortages and

A Bronx Tale Analysis essays

A Bronx Tale Analysis essays In the movie, the 1960s are portrayed with reality as the viewer is taken to East 187th Street in the Bronx, New York. The Fordham neighborhood shown is highly populated by citizens of Italian decent, and a strong cultural social bond exists in the streets. Children play stickball on corners as older members of the community hustle to earn money. From legitimate business (like the fruit vendors) to illicit workings (bookmaking), everyone is busy with some form of social advancement. On the corner stands the kingpin of the neighborhood. This person (Sonny) is the boss of a local mob type operation. This neighborhood is held in fear of Sonnys actions, and yet motivated by respect and admiration for the man. The social benefits are immediate and apparent from the bookmaking and gaming occurring at the corner bar, to the protection of the neighborhood from other groups. Members of the community come together to assemble at the bar, further connecting and strengthening the social bond of the Italian citizens. From the movie, much pride is taken in the heritage and the culture of the Italian people, and this is perpetuated by the success of the organized crime group in the area. Sonnys actions and presence are seen in retrospect to those hardworking citizens, who long for a piece of the wealth. Overall, organized crime taps into the communities need for social advancement as well as survival. To be a part of this organized crime group almost guarantees success in life; meaning money for the family, employment, social interaction, and protection. In the world of crime, there have been many different attempts to figure out what drives the criminal to commit acts against society. Many of these theories are supported by evidence based on actual events that have occurred. In the movie A Bronx Tale, many of these theories are evident based on the actions of the cast of the movie, portraying stre...

Johanne strauss (younger) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Johanne strauss (younger) - Research Paper Example On noticing that the Younger was learning how to play a violin, the father whipped the young boy ostensibly to remove the music out of him. Later, his father abandoned the family for another woman giving him the chance to develop his talent as a composer. With the help of his mother, Strauss II studied counterpoint and harmony under the tutelage of Professor Joachim Hoffmann. He exercised harmony under the direction of Joseph Drechsler, a composer. In 1844, Strauss II composed the gradiuale, Tu qui regis totum orbem (Gartenberg, 1972). During his training, his teachers wrote positive testimonials of the young Strauss, including Anton Kollmann. With the skills he had learnt and the testimonials he had received from his very able teachers, the Younger applied for a licence to perform from the authorities in Vienna. His first team of band men were drawn from the Zur Stadt Belgrad tavern – an easy target for aspiring musicians seeking work. Owing to his father’s influence in the local entertainment industry in Vienna, many people were reluctant to offer the Younger a chance to perform at their venues, knowing that the older Strauss was against his son’s pursuit of a carrier in music. The Younger luckily managed to convince the Dommayers Casino in Hietzing to allow his show his talent some time in 1844 (Gartenberg, 1972). This move so angered the older Strauss that he vowed never again to perform in the casino. At the casino, the Younger played his first compositions including Gunstwerber, Op.  4, and Herzenslust, Op.  3 (Gà ¤nzl 2001). The public was awed by the Young’s performance even as critics and the media poured praise upon his head. Although beginning a career in music proved difficult at first, the Younger Strauss charted the murky waters to become a great success. He accepted commissions to perform at entertainment joints away from where he

Environmental Geology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Geology - Assignment Example motions between the larger Pacific, North America and Eurasia plates; these include the Okhotsk and Amur microplates that are respectively part of North America and Eurasia. (b) The Japan Trench subduction zone has hosted nine events of magnitude 7 or greater since 1973. The largest of these is a M 7.8 earthquake approximately 260 km to the north of the March 11 epicenter, caused 3 fatalities and almost 700 injuries in December 1994. In June of 1978, a M 7.7 earthquake 35 km to the southwest of the March 11 epicenter caused 22 fatalities and over 400 injuries. Large offshore earthquakes have occurred in the same subduction zone in 1611, 1896 and 1933 that each produced devastating tsunami waves on the Sanriku coast of Pacific NE Japan. (c) The coastline here is particularly vulnerable to tsunami waves because it has many deep coastal embayments that amplify tsunami waves and cause great wave inundations. The M 7.6 subduction earthquake of 1896 created tsunami waves as high 38 m and a reported death toll of 22,000. The M 8.6 earthquake of March 2, 1933 produced tsunami waves as high as 29 m on the Sanriku coast and caused more than 3000 fatalities. The March 11, 2011 earthquake far surpassed other earthquakes in the southern Japan Trench of the 20th century, none of which attained M8. A predecessor may have occurred on July 13, 869, when the Sendai area was swept by a large tsunami that Japanese scientists have identified from written records and a sand sheet. Ans. Eyjafjallajà ¶kull, also known as Eyjafjà ¶ll, lies south of the intersect between Icelands East Volcanic Zone (EVZ), a NE-SW trending rift system, and the E-W trending South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ). The EVZ is currently the main zone of divergence between the North American and Eurasian plates on the Icelandic landmass, with slightly less divergence currently occurring at the parallel Western Volcanic Zone. Eyjafjallajà ¶kull is an elongated structure somewhat resembling a shield volcano, which is

Acute Pain in Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Acute Pain in Children - Essay Example The intervention made to health institution through the initiative international health bodies has led to the creation of the pediatric analgesic trails, which aim at providing evidence pain management in child across the ages. In practice, assessments methods for pain intensity are critical in treating children of different ages. Acute pain is one of the common ailments in childhood and one that requires emergency response. In this paper, we will discuss the RCN guidelines on response given to acute pain in children. Acute Pain Assessment Tools In the last decade, a number of assessment tools required for testing the pain for appropriate ages have enabled documentation and quantitative and qualitative assessment of pain. The assessment method for children across the ages have undergone various changes, where issues affecting the new born to those children that are talking can be addressed. Currently, assessment methods include behavioral measures of pain. In this measurement method, the pediatrician would use behavior checklists, which has a list of pain effects that a child would encounter. The list has scores, which the pediatrician would check before assigning a given pain. In the assessment checklist, issues such as time, response to pain among others influence the decision that the pediatrician would make against a given pain. ... The RCN guideline has nine key areas that health professionals should observe when assessing acute pain in children. The provision in the guideline indicates when pain should be accessed, indictors, what the health professionals should do, as well as the parents of the child. The RCN guideline sought to achieve three objectives; first, create awareness about symptoms, which helps in recognition of pain, second, recommend methods for pain assessment, lastly, promote use of method in pain assessment. While many nurses claim they know when children are in pain, the guideline for pain assessment intended to clarify how best the nurses should respond to children pain. In addition, it sets standards, which nurses should uphold while assessing pain. Since nurses did not have standards of assessment, it is arguable that cases of misinterpretation of pain existed. Prior to the creation of the RCN guideline on pain assessment, critics observed that nurses interpreted pain differently. It was a rgued that parent and nurse observation and interpretation of pain is different. Most of the available research on pain assessment indicates that observation was the most common method used in the assessment. Although the method proves to be worthy, the behavior observed might not be the degree of pain. Other consideration included emotional response to pain as observed by their parents. Thus, settling on an inclusive procedure acceptable by parents and nurses was critical at this stage. It is also notable that consideration of the preexisting literature and research on pain were adequately done before the recommendation of the guideline. Since the introduction of pain assessment scale, observation made on its application has

Discovery Of Losartan Potassium Health And Social Care Essay

Discovery Of Losartan Potassium Health And Social Care Essay Losartan is the first angiotensin II receptor antagonist drug to be marketed for use mainly to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Losartan was first discovered in March 1986 by scientists on their first assignments at a corporate research laboratory, in Du Pont, as DuP 753(Merck 954), a highly potent and orally active non-peptide Ang II receptor antagonist. At the time, DuPont as a company was rather new to pharmaceutical business. The company had previously been dealing in chemicals, but the in the 1970s when the demand for Petroleum and its related products natural gas drove prices high, management attempted to diversify the business by seeking other business avenues to reduce their dependency on chemicals in a hope of also increasing their profit. As a result of creating new business, DuPont had ventured into pharmaceuticals and other life sciences businesses by the 1980s. Losartan work was one of the compounds DuPont research labs worked on. The company being inexperience in this area of business, hired Robert I. Taber, a scientist with two decades of research experience with Schering, to head pharmaceutical research at DuPont.It was Taber who recognized the areas of potentials and encouraged the research team to delve further. However, DuPont being a fairly young company in these areas would lead to other weighty problems, and these issues were quickly settled by a collaboration with the more experienced Merck, who also recognised the Potential of Losartan and convinced DuPont that there was more to be gained by working on Losartan. Development of Losartan was done after a series of efforts. The final market product was Co-Developed with Scientists from both Merck DuPont. [BHARDWAJ, G., 2006] Losartan was approved by the FDA in April 1995, and it was then launched that month as the first non-peptide anti-hypertensive drug in the new class of Ang II receptor antagonists. Merck started selling losartan under the trade names CozaarT and HyzaarT with annual sales in excess of $3 Billion Dollars by 2005. Chemical Structure (IUPAC) nomenclature (2-butyl-4-chloro-1-{[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) biphenyl-4-yl] methyl}-1H-imidazol-5-yl) methanol Chemical data Formula C22H23ClN6O Mol. mass 422.91 Action of Losartan Losartan selectively inhibits all Ang II responses that have been studied and lowered blood pressure in several animal models of renin-dependent hypertension. In animals, the antihypertensive efficacy of losartan has been found to be similar to that of the ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors) but, unlike ACE inhibitors, losartan is a more selective inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system since it does not affect the metabolism of kinins. Compared with peptide Ang II antagonists (e.g. saralasin), losartan has significant advantages, including a long duration of action, effective oral absorption and no Ang II agonist activity. [SIEGL, P.K., 1993] Indications Hypertension Losartan tablets is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. Losartan can be used alone or used in combination with other antihypertensive agents, including diuretics. [Rx LIST THE INTERNET DRUG INDEX., 2009] Hypertensive Patients with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Losartan is also indicated in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy to reduce the risk of stroke, but there has been a study to suggest that Losartan is not beneficial with Black patients in reducing the risk of stroke. [Rx LIST THE INTERNET DRUG INDEX.,2009] In the LIFE study, it was found out that Black patients with conditions of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy had a lower risk of stroke on atenolol than on Losartan. However, there was some shortcomings of the LIFE study, as it did not provide evidence that the benefits of Losartan in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy by reducing the risk of cardiovascular events applied to Black patients. [Rx LIST THE INTERNET DRUG INDEX.,2009] Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Losartan is also very useful in the treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy, where there is an elevation of serum creatinine and proteinuria (urinary albumin to creatinine ratio à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 300 mg/g) in patients that have type 2 diabetes and a history of hypertension. In this group, Losartan has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of the nephropathy. This is measured by the occurrence of doubling of serum creatinine or end stage renal disease where there is need for dialysis or renal transplantation. [Rx LIST THE INTERNET DRUG INDEX.,2009] SPECIFIC PRODUCTS ( CONTAINING THIS DRUG) AVAILABLE FOR USE IN GIVEN CONDITION Combination therapy: A combination therapy is used if losartan monotherapy alone is not sufficient to control hypertension. Hence, losartan is available in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in different strengths as follows:[BRITISH NATIONAL FORMULARY., 2009] Losartan 50mg + Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5mg Losartan 100mg + Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5mg Losartan 100mg + Hydrochlorothiazide 25mg. The above combination is used for treatment of high blood pressure and stroke in patients with heart disease. It is a prescription only medicine. [MEDICINES AND HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS REGULATORY AGENCY., 2009] EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY FOR THIS TREATMENT. Clinical trials have shown a better efficiency of losartan as an antihypertensive by itself and a further higher efficiency in a combined state with hydrochlorothiazide. For example : a double-blind, multicenter, randomized, parallel group study performed on African Americans (who are generally less responsive to monotherapy from any hypertensive class), with severe hypertension have shown a significant reduction in sitting diastolic and systolic blood pressure with losartan monotherapy (45.8%) when compared with placebo (27.2%) . In the same study, the combination losartan/ hydrochlorothiazide regimen showed significant higher reductions (62.7%) in blood pressure compared with losartan monotherapy or placebo. More over, both the regimens i.e losartan monotherapy and the losartan/hydrochlorothiazide were as well tolerated as the placebo[FLACK, et al., 2001]. Other studies were performed on hypertensive patients who had discontinued treatment with calcium channel blockers and angiote nsin converting enzyme inhibitors due to side effects like peripheral edema or dry cough respectively. These patients when treated with losartan have shown as much reduction and control over blood pressure as they use to with previous therapies.[GIOVANNETTI, et al., 1997]. And quite interestingly it has also been observed that the clinical side effects were minimal with losartan treatment and the haematologic and biochemical profiles were also not disturbed. [GIOVANNETTI, et al., 1997] Studies performed on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic parameters of losartan on healthy male volunteers and also on special patient groups like elderly patients with renal impairment and those having liver disease, suggest that losartan is orally active and its effect lasts for over 24 hours. None of the patient groups showed any significant pharmacokinetic interactions[McINTYRE, et al., 1997]. Losartan 50mg appears to be a safe starting and maintenance dose in most patient populations. However, when an additive effect is required, it can be easily combined with thiazide diuretics to achieve the target blood pressure. Losartan has low discontinuation rate and it has also been observed that it was not associated with cough even in patients who experience this side effect with to ACE inhibitors [McINTYRE, et al., 1997]. A BRIEF COMPARISON WITH OTHER MEDICINAL PRODUCT USED TO TREAT THE SAME AILMENT Losartan potassium, is an angiotensin receptor antagonist (AT1) used in the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. However, a comparison with other ARB(e.g. valsartan and candesartan) shows that, these drugs have the same mechanism of action, though, their differences in pharmacokinetic profile may be responsible for their differences in efficacy in the treatment of hypertension. Losartan and valsartan when compared, exhibited a similar reduction in blood pressure at a lower concentration ,however, valsartan has a higher response rate and more effective 24hours blood pressure control rate at the dose of 160mg and 80mg respectively than losartan at 100mg and 50mg respectively.[BURNIER BRUNNER 2000]. Candesartan 8mg and 16mg has also demonstrated a more lasting antihypertensive effect than losartan 50mg and 100mg in ambulatory BP monitoring.[LACOURCIERE ASMAR 1999] A brief comparison with other medicinal products from the other class like B- adrenergic blocker(e.g. atenolol), ACEI(e.g. enerlapril), calcium channel blocker(e.g. felodipine) and diuretics were based on the efficacy, tolerability and safety in the treatment of essential hypertension. Losartan , when compared with amilodipine has been shown to exhibit a similar clinically relevant reduction in patients with systolic blood pressure, however, losartan was better tolerated as evidenced by fewer clinically adverse effect(CAE)and discontinuation compare with amlodipine [VOLPE, et al., 2003]. Meanwhile, in the contrasting effect of losartan, nifedipine GIT, and fosinopril on the ambulatory blood pressure, cardiac structure and function, and protective function of the endothelium in patients with essential hypertension, nifedipine GIT is superior to others in plate- granule membrane protein (GMP), while fosinopril and losartan had a preffered action to nifedipine GIT in reversing ventricul ar hypertrophy, however, losartan was better tolerated than the other drugs [QI XIURONG 2001]. Losartan potassium has been known to exhibit a fewer drug related adverse effect in contrast to other medicinal products in the other classes used in the treatment of hypertension. [GOLDBERG, et al., 1995] In summary, losartan potassium has an excellent tolerability profile in patient with essential hypertension and, in a demographic sub group of elderly versus young, women versus men and black versus non black; it has been shown to have an excellent safety profile. ADVANTAGES OF LOSARTAN POTASSIUM. Side effect; In the treatment of hypertension, losartan has exhibited fewer drug related side effect when it was compared with other class of antihypertensive agents .[GOLDBERG, et al., 1995] Tolerance; when compared in patients with essential hypertension, losartan was better tolerated than other agents from the other class and hence an excellent tolerability profile. Safety profile; It has a good safety profile in a demographic sub groups. It doesnt produce rebound high blood pressure when it is withdrawn. DISADVANTAGES OF LOSARTAN POTASSIUM. 1 Losartan has been associated with some damaging effect on the foetus which may include reduced body weight, death and kidney injuries hence it is contraindicated in pregnancy. [GOLDBERG, et al., 1995] Analysis of the market potential for the development of new drug candidates to treat the given condition Development of new drug products has always been a challenging task. Growth in technology resulted in an evolution in pharmaceutical world and has paved way for research and development to meet demands for more efficient products. About one billion people have been affected by hypertension world wide and reports also says that in US alone 65 millions people are affected by high blood pressure.[SMITH ASHIYA 2007]. This indicates the level of demand of antihypertensives world wide. Efforts have been made and many potential drugs have been developed till date. However the expiry of patents of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) opened doors for arrival of cheap generic products which resulted in a threat to the global pharmaceutical market. Data monitoring of the sales of antihypertensives in seven major global markets (i.e UK, France, US, Italy, Spain, Germany and Japan ) predicted sales of upto $ 29.5 billions by 2018, which would be a drop of $6 billion when compared to that of 2008. Considering above threats, the big pharmaceutical companies are under an impression that it is not worth to spend on research and development of novel therapies and they appear to be moving away from investing in research and development to develop more efficient antihypertensive therapies. [THE MEDICAL NEWS., 2009] Product Name Patent Number Patent Expiration Mercks COZAAR (losartan potassium) 5,138,069*PED  Ã‚   11 Feb,2010 Mercks COZAAR (losartan potassium) 5,153,197*PED   06 Apr, 2010 Mercks COZAAR (losartan potassium) 5,210,079*PED  Ã‚   11 Nov,2010 Table showing the expiry of patent of COZAAR (losartan potassium) Angiotensin receptor blocker. [DRUG PATENT WATCH., 2010] Short comings of the existing treatment to justify new drug development Though antihypertensive agents were able to achieve significant control over hypertension induced morbidity and mortality, still there is much to be done. For example: disappointments associated with coronary artery disease, risk of cardiovascular events even after treatment with antiphyertensive agents and comparatively higher possibility of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients compared to normotensive patients. These effects are thought to be due to inability of existing antihypertensives to reverse other associated factors like left ventricular hypertrophy, negative metabolic effects and risk associated with overtreatment.[HANSSON, L., 1991]. Hence there is a need for an ideal hypertensive agent which may be able to control blood pressure to normotensive levels whilst being free of negative metabolic effects. Moreover, it should also be able to reverss cardiovascular changes like cardiac hypertrophy and control tissue damage in case of possible vascular complications. [H ANSSON, L., 1991]. Analysis of data available on search engines indicates the promising role of upcoming gene therapy and nano-technology to produce new drug candidates. For example: Exploring areas like gene transcripton, molecular genetic regulation of blood pressure ( targeting genetic risk factors as in cases of essential hypertension) appears to be a new hope for future developments of antihypertensives.[KURTZ GARDNER 1998] Possible potential for new therapy. Research is currently being carried out to explore the potential of upcoming gene therapy and nano-technology to produce new drug candidates. For example: Areas like gene transcripton, molecular genetic regulation of blood pressure ( targeting genetic risk factors as in case of essential hypertension) appears to be a new hope for future developments of antihypertensives.[KURTZ GARDNER 1998]. However alternatively, combination products containing antihypertensives and statins could be a new hope for future developments. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦

job description :: essays research papers

Medical Bookkeeper Reports to:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Department: Classification:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Division: Date:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Approved: JOB FUNCTION: This bookkeeper position is responsible for pricing of surgeries and other services provided by the physicians and also for telephone collections and patient inquiries. ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pricing: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obtains chart from secretary. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reads the operative report, applies appropriate fee schedule, posts to the batch, secures physician approval of any changes, follows through on the necessary changes, and posts into the system. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prepares a monthly written report of the physicians' totals. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Educates new physicians to the Clinic pricing system. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prices new surgeries by comparing with fees from other clinics. f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Provides an estimate of surgery charges to patients. g.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enters new patient accounts on computer. h.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Posts all daily charges. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creates and maintains up-to-date procedural manuals for each physician as these procedures affect and are affected by this position. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Collections: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Performs all collection functions for the Clinic, including working with the insurance companies and the patients. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Turns over collectables to the collection agency with the approval of the physicians and the Business Manager. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Checks with attorneys on the status of legal patients every three months. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Calls patients and insurance companies for collections. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inquires monthly about the 90-day-and-older accounts from the computer. f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obtains the necessary statements from the computer and performs write-offs. g.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Locates patients who have moved. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Patient Inquiries/Patient Relations: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Locates charts and X rays. Copies them and sends them to other orthopedic physicians as requested. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Updates patients' personal data. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Occasionally enters an insurance number for a new patient when it is phoned in. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Requests itemized statements through the computer daily in response to patient requests. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With regard to cycle billings, assists the Bookkeeper–Computer in disassembling and preparing them for mailing three times a month. f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Receives telephone calls from patients inquiring about their accounts. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other Duties: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opens mail, posts payments, and balances. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Handles miscellaneous mail, such as insurance rejections, statements for patients, etc. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Helps Bookkeeper–Computer balance at the end of the month and assists in finding errors. ADDITIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Functions as a backup for the Bookkeeper–Computer. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Performs other duties as required and assigned by the Business Manager. Challenges Unique to this Position: The fee practices of each of the physicians and the interpretation of charges differ to some degree, and this bookkeeper must be able to recognize possible areas of difficulty and take appropriate steps.

Using the Law to Protect the Environment

Introduction When defining the environment, Dimento (2003) states that it comprises of both natural and anthropogenic elements that are not only mutually interrelated, but has an impact on the ecological balance, life, human health, historical and cultural heritage and the landscape. From this definition, the environment comprises of three main things, the natural resources, the fauna and flora, and the properties which form part of the cultural heritage (Shelton & Kiss 2005). The misuse of environmental resources and pollution worldwide has prompted commitment from governments and major stakeholders to put in place measures to protect the environment, and, consequently, environmental laws are being enacted in an effort to protect the environment (Dimento 2003). The environmental resources cannot be rejuvenated once depleted; neither can it protect itself from misuse and pollution. Therefore, only the law can be used to protect the environment. Putting in place laws in charge of the environment w ill speak loudly about how the environment can be used sustainably as well as give prior warnings to those who may intend to misuse or pollute the environment. Laws usually give directions and consequences of going against such directions. Environment has its own rights and any violator of such rights will only be answerable to the law. According to UNEP, environmental law looks at the features of the protection programs which have been put in place to safeguard specific aspects of the environment and natural resources, such as water, air, waste and endangered species. It is also the reference point for judges presiding over environment related cases (Thirlway 2003). Before 1960, the environmental law did not exist as independently as other domestic or international legal issues (Shelton, Kiss & Kanami 2003). However, international laws in place currently to help tackle the scientific issues which affect the environment, such as uncertainty issues, sustainable development, issues of diversity and settings issues of individuals and the society, and economics aspects of the environment (Fitzmaurice 2003). These laws seek to control the use of resources in a sustainable manner and to eradicate contamination of the environment through pollution and similar human practices. These laws, therefore, protects against loss of biodiversity, loss of fertility, desertification and famine, depletion of fishing resources, increase of cancers due to depletion of the ozone layer and damage of future generations (Zaelke, Kaniaru & Kruzikova 2005). According to the United Nations (2003), sources of environmental laws can be classified into two categories: the National laws and the International laws. The basis of the legal mechanisms of the environmental law include prohibition and restriction of activities such as pollution, product and process standards, prior informed consent, environmental impact assessment, and land use regulation (Zaelke, Kaniaru & Kruzikova 2005). General ly, these laws are formulated in such a way that they are preventive, that is, they prevent damage of the environment such that the use of some resources from the environment must be approved through rigorous exercises of environmental impact assessment and other similar regulations. This, in a broader perspective, helps in protecting the environment. Sanctions and penalties have also been put in place for those who fail to comply and this also helps in protecting the environment (Stanley, Johnson & Gunther 1993). References. Dimento, J., (2003)., The Global Environment and International Law, .University Of Texas Press. Fitzmaurice, M., (2003)., The Practical Working of the Law of Treaties, In International law, Oxford University Press. Tarlock, D., History of Environmental law. Environmental law and their enforcement, Vol 1, Thirlway, H., (2003)., The Sources of International Law, In International Law, Oxford University Press. (272) Shelton and Kiss., (2005)., Judicial handbook on Environmental law, UNEP, Hertfordsire, Shelton, Kiss & and Kanami., (2003)., Economic Globalization and Compliance with International Environmental Agreements. New York:, Kluwer Law International, New York. Stanley, Johnson and & Gunther., (1993)., Managing Fragile Ecosystems: Combating Desertification and Drought, The Earth Summit: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) n.d United Nations., (2003),. Handbook of Final Clauses of Multilateral Treaties, United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Policy Development and Law (â€Å"Unep/Dpdl†) Zaelke, Kaniaru & and Kruzikova,. (2005),. Making Law Work, Environmental Compliance and Sustainable Development.,Cameroon.

Class Management Strategies Essays

Class Management Strategies Essays Class Management Strategies Essay Class Management Strategies Essay Pink Assessment Techniques Green Questioning Red Areas where Differentiation is possible Pupils line up outside the classroom Silence while I tell the pupils that their starter activity is on the board that they are to come in silently and begin. They are to put their hand up when they are finished. Written on board The questions we shall answer in todays lesson are What is weathering? What is erosion? What are the three different types of weathering? What type of weathering is acid rain? What does a rock most affected by acid rain contain? Which rock is least affected by acid rain? Starter activity to read in silence pages 98-99 (Book Eureka 2G) Brief Question and Answer Session Which of the questions written on the board can we now answer after reading pages 98 ; 99? Teacher Explanation of Weathering and Erosion Stress not strictly caused by the weather as the name suggests! We cause weathering, as do plants and trees. State strongly that weathering and erosion are different and the difference between them. Photograph Acetates Show colour acetates of impressive examples of weathering house crumbling into the sea, newspaper article detailing the damage caused by tree roots growing into buildings etc. this will make the topic relevant and real to the pupils. Book Work Title in books Weathering and Erosion (UNDERLINE) Use your books to find the formal definitions of weathering and erosion. Look in the Glossary at the back of the book (Class 8T not told where to look) Partner Work Use these definitions to explain the difference between the two to a non scientist, pretend the person sitting next to you is a non scientist and take it in turn to explain! State time limit 10 minutes Circulate the class to help students who are struggling and to listen in on some explanations. Board Work and Teacher Explanation Bring the class back together to confirm definitions and difference. Three different types of Weathering sub-heading in book There are three different types of weathering 1. Physical Weathering 2. Biological Weathering 3. Chemical Weathering Write these in book Teacher Explanation Show colour acetates of photographs that demonstrate the affect acid rain has on statues and buildings made of different types of rocks. Explain how acid rain is caused and the consequences of acid rain. Acid rain acetate allow pupils time to copy the key points off the acetate. Colour in the rain red to signify that this is chemical weathering. Partner Work Ask the children to think about why some of the rocks have been weathered much more than others talk to the person next to you about a possible explanation? Time limit 5 minutes Worksheet Gain class attention (I am waiting for silence, and then use individual pupil names if necessary) Wait for total silence and whole class attention before you tell them you will be handing out a worksheet with the following questions on to be stuck into the childrens books. Acetate Rain water is naturally slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide from the air dissolves into the rain water turning it slightly naturally acidic. Carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid Fossil fuels contain sulphur, when they are burned they produce sulphur dioxide. When sulphur is burnt in air this happens! Sulphur + oxygen = sulphur dioxide Sulphur dioxide is acidic! Sulphur dioxide dissolves into rain water to produce an acid called sulphuric acid this very acidic! Rocks containing calcium carbonate will be weathered most quickly by acid rain because the carbonate reacts with the acid in the rain Fast finishers to read about consequences of acid rain on page 45. Class Practical Gain class attention Count to three, eyes and ears on me! Praise those as they begin to pay attention with each number counted down one well done girls thank you, Two good back row, Three! Tell this background story for the experiment: It is the year 3000 rain water has become extremely acidic due to all the fossil fuels being burnt! Houses are being weathered away by the second; this has major implications for the economy of Britain ask what economy is. The Government has employed you to discover which rock they should build houses out of in order to prevent this type of weathering ruining all their future building work! You must carry out an experiment to test Granite, Limestone, Sandstone, Chalk and Marble. Provide the class with a worksheet that reiterates the story and the experiment they are to carry out. (See Appendix 1) Carrying out the Practical Vicky to hand out 8 glue sticks (know how many go out count them back in) Use pages 14 15 to answer the following questions state 10 min time limit. Alex to hand out the worksheets A bucket has been placed at the front to empty used rock samples into. One jar of acid rain will be placed on each bench. One jar of each rock will also be placed on each bench. You shall be working individually for this experiment at your own work bench. Santosha to give out the glass dishes 28 Nick to give out the pipettes 28 Rachael to give out the stop clocks 28 I Will Demonstrate how to Carry Out Experiment Carry out the experiment and then clear away all practical equipment once you have completed the experiment. Writing the Report Following this write a report for the government saying what you had to do, what you discovered and state which rock they should build houses out of and why! Everyone who finishes the report 20 minutes before to the bell will get a merit. Fast finishers are to write a poem about acid rain to give other children a chance to catch up before the plenary session. Plenary Session Plenary session involves white boards to be used for a question and answer session Exercise books to be collected in today pass them to the inside end of the benches along with the text books and will Nick, Adam, Jason and Michaela please bring them to my desk. Some of the words children will be tested on placed on OHT a few minutes to revise while I check the homeworks those who have not completed the homework will be asked to stay behind after this lesson and complete. (BREAK-TIME) White board Questions What type of weathering is acid rain? Rain water is naturally acidic, what dissolves into rain water to produce this slight acidity? What dissolves into rain water to cause acid rain? Which rock would be best to build houses out of in order to withstand the affects of acid rain? Which rock would you not want to build houses out of with consideration to acid rain? What do the rocks which react most readily with acid rain contain? (slightly harder question) What is this a definition of Wearing away of rock by a physical or chemical process Wearing away of rock while it is being transported Dismissal of Class Stand behind benches ask Vicky, Lee, Jamie and Danny to check the sinks which row will be the first to go? Dismiss rows in the order in which they became silent first.

To Live (HuoZhe) Film Discussion

To Live (HuoZhe) Film Discussion The To Live movie highlights the predicament of a Chinese family in a harsh social, cultural, economic and political environment. These changes were influenced by the Communist ideologies that were institutionalized in 1940s. The political and cultural environment in China is as a result of the Communist revolution initiated by the Communist Party.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To Live (HuoZhe) Film Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The movie To Live was released in 1994 and has played a significant role in informing viewers about China’s revolutionary journey. The political, social and economic environment of China has significantly changed since the Communist Party came into existence in 1949. The film depicts the will power of the Chinese people and their determination to survive against all odds. The creators of the film are very daring because they highlight very sensitive social and political issues. This paper will highlight the important themes in the Huo Zhe movie that are related to Chinese politics. The To Live film portrays the political atmosphere in China during the time the movie was produced. The effects of the communist movement that began in the 1940s brought both happiness and sadness to many Chinese families. The Chinese Civil War and Cultural Revolution are some of the issues that the movie tries to bring to light. The film brings a new perspective to the cultural and political revolution in China. The producers of the To Live movie did an excellent job in depicting how the ordinary citizens in China cope with cultural, political, economic and social changes initiated by their government. The film does not in any way go overboard on tragic issues but presents the life of an ordinary Chinese citizen in an amusing manner. The pains and joys of ordinary Chinese people are captured in the film. The movie was created when China was undergoing difficult social, economic and political times. The To Live film tries to change the meaning of communism where the lives of citizens depend on the laws and regulations put in place by the government. Institutionalization of communism brought together the public and private sectors. Communism has erased the element of privacy from the Chinese society. The To Live film is a depiction of Communism in the Chinese society and how it affects the lives of ordinary citizens. In the To Live movie, communism ideologies are imposed on the Chinese society and as a result cause many families to undergo tragedies. Fugui’s family experiences both tragic and joyful moments under the then regime.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fugui loses his two children to Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward which came as a result of communism. The To Live movie tries to rally people against commun ism in an indirect manner. By highlighting the negative effects of communism, the film tries to push for an anti-communist agenda. The film highlights some of he failures of communism without any form of bias. The communist movements were supposed to bring some positive transformation to the Chinese society but that did not happen due to some resistance from the Chinese people. The Cultural Revolution brought about by Chinese communism had some negative impacts on the life of ordinary Chinese people. Excessive worship of Mao is also depicted as one of the negative effects brought about by the Communist ideologies fronted by the Chinese government. The producers of the movie have consistently denied accusations that the movie spreads propaganda against the communist ideologies of the Chinese government. They argue that the To Live movie highlights both the negative and positive effects of communism. The characters in the film express their feelings in an honest manner to actually por tray the real picture of what they go through without any exaggeration. The director’s intention is to inform the viewers the truth about communism and not to necessarily rally people against the Chinese Government. The director of the movie reconciled with the Chinese government at that time and continues to live in China to demonstrate the fact that the movie was not a show of hatred to communist ideologues and policies that had been initiated by the Chinese government. The Chinese political history is associated with many challenging times which are highlighted in the film. The images and emotions in the film are very real and portray cultural, social and economic themes effectively. The political message in the film is presented explicitly from the way the story was delivered. The To Live film brings out the theme of political socialization in a very effective manner. The film is a brilliant reflection of what the ordinary Chinese citizens were experiencing at the time th e movie was made. The film emphasizes the value of life and how citizens should endure the challenges they come across in life to continue surviving.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To Live (HuoZhe) Film Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The movie encourages viewers to enjoy life despite the social and economic challenges they might encounter. Despite the many difficulties in life, a person’s family should be treasured. This ideal is depicted in the film by Fugui who demonstrates devotion to his family despite the many challenges and suffering that his family undergoes under the government of the time. The Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution that occurred in China in 1970s had idealistic intentions meant to bring a new order in China but this did not happen because of some brutal youths who strayed the movement. The ignorant Chinese citizens who were not even aware of such communist political mo vements were greatly affected. Fugui and his family go through the three decades of Civil War and are faced with social and economic challenges. In this movie, politics is portrayed as a detrimental force that brings despair to many families. Fugui’s idealistic view about politics completely changes and he finally sees his family as the only source of happiness. This is demonstrated by the fact that ordinary Chinese citizens were very frustrated with the government of the time and were looking for other ways of injecting some meaning in their lives. Fugui’s life depicts the fact that the life of ordinary citizens can not be solved by communism and other government ideologies. Focusing on improving family life should be the main preoccupation of ordinary Chinese people than depending on government ideologies and policies to help them in improving their lives. The many revolutionary movements in China were causing families to lose their loved ones and no one had the cour age to speak about this issue. The Chinese people were so involved in the revolution movements to a point of not realizing the harm that the revolution was causing to their families. Ordinary Chinese citizens go along with their life completely ignoring the tragic nature of their life. Communism failed to deliver its promise of making the life of Chinese people better.

Case study - assignment question answer Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study - question answer - Assignment Example As such, they decided to offer higher than the original prices to benefit the workers and to enable them maintain their jobs. The following statement from the text, â€Å"...harangued the Japanese team about their hypocrisy...† referring to the British boss, clearly reveals the anger and disappointment that the boss had towards the Japanese negotiators. Additionally, the aspect of emotion also appears from this statement, â€Å"...offer you an additional fifty cents a tonne above the price that you originally asked for...†. This statement by the chief Japanese negotiator is a reflection of the Japanese feelings towards the proposal forwarded by the British negotiators. Indeed, they had mixed feelings. The decision made by the Japanese negotiators triggered excitement though it was accompanied by a lot of surprise. According to Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory, effective intercultural communication plays a very significant role in creating understanding among different cultures and therefore preventing any cultural difference. Miscommunication is caused by lack of cultural understanding and poor communication skills, which can only trigger cultural conflicts. Hofstede suggested some cultural dimensions like uncertainty avoidance, collectiveness and individualism among others. Accordingly, Hofstede claims that these cultural dimensions, when put into use, assist in overcoming cultural differences. Arguably, the Japanese negotiators, listening to their counterparts and weighing the consequences of what they were about to do, enabled them solve their cultural differences and stabilized the situation. Accordingly, the British negotiators were very much interested on the interest of the South African workers. As such, they focused on their main reason of setting the prices and maintaining their position concerning the price. The British boss, having been disappointed by the Japanese negotiators, decided to be

Organizational bahavior Business (MBA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational bahavior Business (MBA) - Essay Example 45). The key to managing a diverse workforce is increasing individual awareness of and sensitivity to differences of race, gender, social class, sexual orientation, physical ability, and age. The locus of change is the individual and change itself is both intra- and inter-personal. This approach is consistent with the preponderance of diversity initiatives undertaken in organizations, which primarily comprise training and development efforts such as diversity awareness training, leadership training, mentoring, and personal support group (Cope 2000, p. 76). A strict code of ethics and social corporate responsibility will ensure that the company value all stakeholders and ensures fair treatment of all groups. Ethics and SCR will ensure high high-standards of performance and ethical norms followed by all employees. The system of inquiry will help to incorporate specific references to such topics as new legal and ethical dimensions, and SCR (Frederick 2000, p. 5). It should be framed so that it is easy to derive from it policies on these and other aspects of conduct at work. It also will provide a basis on which to build training on such problem themes in a way which is convincing even to people who might otherwise consider them to be matters only for campaigning special interest groups (Frederick 2000, p. 23). It is the role of management to act as important activity and to co-ordinate, direct and guide the efforts of members toward the achievement of goals and objectives (Dubbink 2003, pp. 3, 7). Within this process ethics and ethical c ode has a great influence on organization and decision making process as a part of management. the company can donate some money to local church or healthcare organization, finance non-for-profit organization or support R&D activities. The company should consider social issues and environmental influences in making investment decisions (Dubbink 2003, p. 42). Employees, their work safety and health are the main priority. It is important to improve working conditions and introduced health related programs for employee. Also, it is vital for the company to take actions and decrease GHG emissions and negative impact of production on the environment. Question 2 In general, the level of successful performance of a team is influenced by successful or unsuccessful decision-making process, because it involves full discussion and participation. This appears to work best where a high level of interaction is required among all members of the group in order to solve complex problems. The main factors which imperative to effectively measuring the successful performance team performance are team dynamics and cohesion, common language and shared understanding (DeMarco and Lister 1999, p. 45, 52). Also, it is possible to single out the level of professionalism and leadership qualities of a leader (DeMarco and Lister 1999, p. 155). "A team leader should bear in mind that low dynamics prevent teams to produce a higher level of output"